类型错误：__init__() 缺少 1 个必需的位置参数：'parent'

Question

我尝试创建一个退出按钮来关闭 Tkinter 应用程序。到目前为止，一切都按计划进行，但是如果我按下“退出”按钮，则会收到错误消息。我不知道，我该如何改进。我尝试使用函数方式来解决这个问题，但效果不佳（毫无疑问是我的错误）。谁能建议如何最好地集成此按钮？

我的代码：

from tkinter import *
import tkinter.ttk as ttk


class CollegeApp(Tk):
    def __init__(self):
        Tk.__init__(self)
        container = ttk.Frame(self)
        container.pack(side="top", fill="both", expand=True)
        self.frames = {}
        for F in (StartPage, PageTwo):
            frame = F(container, self)
            self.frames[F] = frame
            frame.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="nsew")
        self.show_frame(StartPage)

    def show_frame(self, cont):
        frame = self.frames[cont]
        frame.tkraise()


class StartPage(ttk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        self.controller = controller
        ttk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
        self.startMenu()

    def startMenu(self):
        heading = Label(self, text="College Tournament Points\n Count Software",
                        font=('Arial', 25))
        heading.grid(row=0, column=0, columnspan=2, padx=240, pady=40)

        start_Btn = Button(self, text="Start", font="Arial 16", width=8,
                           command=lambda: self.controller.show_frame(PageTwo))
        start_Btn.grid(row=1, column=0, padx=30)

        exit_Btn = Button(self, text="EXIT", font="Arial 16", width=8,
                          command=exitButton)
        exit_Btn.grid(row=1, column=1, padx=30)

        def starting_Program():
            pass

class exitButton(Button):
    def __init__(self, parent):
        Button.__init__(self, parent)
        self[Button] = parent.destroy
        self.pack(BOTTOM)


class PageTwo(ttk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        self.controller = controller
        ttk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
        self.make_widget()

    def make_widget(self):
        ttk.Label(self, text='This is page two').grid(padx=(20, 20), pady=(20, 20))
        button1 = ttk.Button(self, text='Previous Page',
                             command=lambda: self.controller.show_frame(StartPage))
        button1.grid()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = CollegeApp()
    app.geometry("800x500")
    app.title('Points Counter')
    app.mainloop()

错误：

/Users/aleks/PycharmProjects/PointCounter/venv/bin/python /Users/aleks/PycharmProjects/PointCounter/main.py
Exception in Tkinter callback
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.9/lib/python3.9/tkinter/__init__.py", line 1892, in __call__
    return self.func(*args)
TypeError: __init__() missing 1 required positional argument: 'parent'

Process finished with exit code 0

Answer 1

尝试这样做

from tkinter import *
import tkinter.ttk as ttk


class CollegeApp(Tk):
    def __init__(self):
        Tk.__init__(self)
        container = ttk.Frame(self)
        container.pack(side="top", fill="both", expand=True)
        self.frames = {}
        for F in (StartPage, PageTwo):
            frame = F(container, self)
            self.frames[F] = frame
            frame.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="nsew")
        self.show_frame(StartPage)

    def show_frame(self, cont):
        frame = self.frames[cont]
        frame.tkraise()


class StartPage(ttk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        self.controller = controller
        ttk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
        self.startMenu()

    def startMenu(self):
        heading = Label(self, text="College Tournament Points\n Count Software",
                        font=('Arial', 25))
        heading.grid(row=0, column=0, columnspan=2, padx=240, pady=40)

        start_Btn = Button(self, text="Start", font="Arial 16", width=8,
                           command=lambda: self.controller.show_frame(PageTwo))
        start_Btn.grid(row=1, column=0, padx=30)

        exit_Btn = Button(self, text="EXIT", font="Arial 16", width=8,
                          command=self.controller.destroy)
        exit_Btn.grid(row=1, column=1, padx=30)

        def starting_Program():
            pass


class PageTwo(ttk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        self.controller = controller
        ttk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
        self.make_widget()

    def make_widget(self):
        ttk.Label(self, text='This is page two').grid(padx=(20, 20), pady=(20, 20))
        button1 = ttk.Button(self, text='Previous Page',
                             command=lambda: self.controller.show_frame(StartPage))
        button1.grid()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = CollegeApp()
    app.geometry("800x500")
    app.title('Points Counter')
    app.mainloop()