Question

新程序员，在我的带领下有了三个月的Python（只有pygame几个星期）...

我正在设计一个2D，自上而下的游戏，并且一直在尝试突破精灵LOS的障碍。我目前的尝试是让每个精灵向可见范围内的其他所有精灵投射一条光线，如果该光线与LOS阻止者的直肠碰撞，则停止，并仅将可见的精灵添加到列表中。

到目前为止，精灵总是穿过墙彼此看见。我认为这是一个迭代/缩进/太多循环的问题。我尝试过布尔类型的中断，然后将代码放入带有return的函数中（在代码中的几个不同点），但这并没有帮助-怪物总是直奔玩家，直到他们撞墙。 / p>

已经过了几天的Google研究和反复试验，但并不高兴。任何朝着正确方向解决或轻推的方法，将不胜感激！

墙类

实施

    wall = GraphBoxSprite('wall', (WIDTH // 2 - 25, HEIGHT // 2 - 10), 50, 20, BLACK, False, walls, obstacles, losBlockers, allSprites)

代码

class GraphBoxSprite(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    # Creates a sprite the size and shape of supplied graph size
    def __init__(self, ID, position, squareWidth, squareHeight, colour, transparent=False, *groups):
        super().__init__(*groups)
        self.ID = ID
        self.position = position
        self.image = pygame.Surface((squareWidth, squareHeight)) # Blank surface
        self.rect = self.image.get_rect(topleft=position)
        self.image.fill(colour)
        if transparent is True:
            self.image.set_colorkey(colour) # Transparent background

生物课

实施

    character = CreatureSprite('character', (WIDTH // 2, HEIGHT // 2 - 50), MEDIUM, QUICK, QUIET, BLUE_LINE, CANDLELIGHT, None, None, characters, allCreatures, allSprites)

代码

class CreatureSprite(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    # Creates a sprite to order
    def __init__(self, ID, position, size, speed, noiseLevel=None, colour=GREY, lightRadius=None, infravision=None, image=None, *groups):
        super().__init__(*groups)
        self.image = pygame.Surface(size) # Blank surface for image
        self.image.fill(WHITE)
        self.image.set_colorkey(WHITE) # Transparent background
        self.rect = self.image.get_rect(topleft=position)

        self.ID = ID
        self.size = size
        self.colour = colour
        self.lightRadius = lightRadius

        self.losLength = 600 # view distance
        self.losWidth = 150 # degrees

        self.position = Vector2(position)
        self.speed = int(speed / (GRID_SCALE * 10))
        self.velocity = Vector2(0, 0)

        self.destination = Vector2(position)
        self.destinationRadius = 40
        self.heading = self.destination - self.position

        
    def update(self, walls, dungeonDressings, obstacles, losBlockers, monsters, characters, allCreatures, dungeonLights, creatureLights, allLights, allSprites):
        # Draw the creature
        pygame.draw.circle(self.image, self.colour, (self.size[0] // 2, self.size[1] // 2), self.size[0] // 2)
        pygame.draw.line(self.image, WHITE, (self.size[0] // 2, self.size[1] // 2), (self.size[0]  // 2, self.size[1] - 20), 1)


        # Draw light over darkness and colour over light
        if self.lightRadius:
            spritePosition = (int(self.position[0]), int(self.position[1])) # syntactic sugar
            pygame.draw.circle(DARKNESS, (COLOURKEY), spritePosition, self.lightRadius * GRID_SCALE)
            pygame.draw.circle(LIGHTNESS, (GOLDENROD), spritePosition, self.lightRadius * GRID_SCALE)


        # Movement
        self.position += self.velocity  # Update the position vector first
        self.rect.center = self.position  # Update the rect afterwards

        # This vector points to the destination
        self.heading = self.destination - self.position
        distance = self.heading.length()

        # Normalize heading for scale to desired length/speed below
        if self.heading: # Cannot normalize a zero vector
            self.heading.normalize_ip()
            
            # Sprite rotation to heading
            #self.image = pygame.transform.rotate(self.image, self.heading) --- won't accept Vector2, only real number ---

            # Slow down when approaching destination
            if distance > self.destinationRadius:
                self.velocity = self.heading * self.speed
            elif distance <= 15:
                for sprite in allSprites:
                    if sprite in allCreatures or sprite in obstacles: # Creatures maintain personal space
                        self.velocity = Vector2(0, 0)
            else:
                self.velocity = self.heading * (distance / self.destinationRadius * self.speed)


        # Line of Sight
        targets = []
        visible = []
        seen = []

        for target in allSprites:
            if target != self:
                targets.append(target.ID)
                lineOfSight = target.position - self.position
                lineOfSightDist = lineOfSight.length()
                
                if lineOfSightDist < self.losLength: # Target in range
                    #if self.heading < self.losWidth: # Target in field of view --- need to convert to comparable format ---
                    x = self.position[0]
                    y = self.position[1]

                    for i in range(int(lineOfSightDist)): # Try to reach target with a cast ray
                        x += lineOfSight[0]
                        y += lineOfSight[1]
                        
                        for sprite in allSprites:
                            if sprite.rect.collidepoint(int(round(x)), int(round(y))):
                                if sprite in losBlockers: # Stop ray
                                    seen.append(sprite)
                                    visible.append(target.ID)
                                    break
                                else:
                                    seen.append(sprite)
                                    visible.append(target.ID)
                                    break

        print('{} sees {} out of {} in range'.format(self.ID, visible, targets))
        

        # Creature AI
        if self.ID == 'monster':
            if seen:
                for sprite in seen:
                    if sprite.ID == 'character':
                        self.destination = sprite.position


        # When sprites collide
        for sprite in allSprites:
            if self.rect.colliderect(sprite):
                if self in allCreatures and sprite in obstacles:
                    self.velocity = Vector2(0, 0)


    def changeColour(self, colour):
        self.colour = colour

完整代码

import os, sys, ctypes, random, math, copy, time, pickle, shelve, pprint, pygame # Inbuilt functions
import charReference, equipment # Reference material
from pygame.locals import *
from pygame.math import Vector2

pygame.init() 
pygame.display.set_caption('LOOT OR DIE!')

directory = 'C:\\Users\\user\\OneDrive\\LootOrDie\\'

pygame.font.init()


# Main fonts
font             = pygame.font.Font(directory + 'fonts\\Cour.ttf', 18)
fontB            = pygame.font.Font(directory + 'fonts\\Courbd.ttf', 18)
fontI            = pygame.font.Font(directory + 'fonts\\Couri.ttf', 18)
fontBI           = pygame.font.Font(directory + 'fonts\\Courbi.ttf', 18)
smallFont        = pygame.font.Font(directory + 'fonts\\Cour.ttf', 16)
smallFontB       = pygame.font.Font(directory + 'fonts\\Courbd.ttf', 16)
smallFontI       = pygame.font.Font(directory + 'fonts\\Couri.ttf', 16)
smallFontBI      = pygame.font.Font(directory + 'fonts\\Courbi.ttf', 16)
bigFont          = pygame.font.Font(directory + 'fonts\\Cour.ttf', 24)
bigFontB         = pygame.font.Font(directory + 'fonts\\Courbd.ttf', 24)
bigFontI         = pygame.font.Font(directory + 'fonts\\Couri.ttf', 24)
bigFontBI        = pygame.font.Font(directory + 'fonts\\Courbi.ttf', 24)


# Colours
COLOURKEY    = (127,  33,  33) # Transparent colour key

BLACK        = (  0,   0,   0)
WHITE        = (255, 255, 255)
DARKGREY     = ( 64,  64,  64)
GREY         = (128, 128, 128)
LIGHTGREY    = (200, 200, 200)

PINK_LINE    = (238, 106, 167)
RED          = (179,   0,   0)
BLOOD        = (138,   3,   3)
ORANGE       = (255, 185,   0)

GOLD         = (100,  84,   0)
GOLDENROD    = (212, 175,  55)
GREEN        = (  0, 130,   0)
FOREST_GREEN = ( 11, 102,  35)

BLUE_LINE    = (100, 149, 237)
BLUE_INK     = (  0,   0, 128)
DARK_BLUE    = (  0,  60, 120)



""" Define Screen """
# Prevent screen stretching
preventStretch = True
if preventStretch is True:
    user32 = ctypes.windll.user32
    user32.SetProcessDPIAware()


SCREEN_SIZE = WIDTH, HEIGHT = (1440, 900)
SCREEN = pygame.display.set_mode(SCREEN_SIZE, pygame.RESIZABLE) # FULLSCREEN

LEFT_MARGIN = 40
TOP_MARGIN = 26
LINE_HEIGHT = 22

COL1 = LEFT_MARGIN 
COL2 = int(SCREEN.get_width() / 4 + (LEFT_MARGIN * 2))
COL3 = int(((SCREEN.get_width() / 4) + (LEFT_MARGIN * 2)) * 2)
COL4 = int(((SCREEN.get_width() / 4) + (LEFT_MARGIN * 2)) * 3)


# Timing and FPS
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
FPS = 60

# Double mouse-click half second delay
doubleClickClock = pygame.time.Clock()
DOUBLE_MOUSE_CLICK_TIME = 500 



""" Define Buttons """
MENU_BUTTON_WIDTH = 150
MENU_BUTTON_HEIGHT = 30

LINE_BUTTON_WIDTH = int(SCREEN.get_width() / 4 - (LEFT_MARGIN * 2))
LINE_BUTTON_HEIGHT = LINE_HEIGHT - 2

EQUIP_BUTTON_WIDTH = int(SCREEN.get_width() / 2 - (LEFT_MARGIN * 2))
BODY_BUTTON_WIDTH = 255

# TextLine Buttons
col_1_textLines = []
col_2_textLines = []
col_3_textLines = []

lineNo = 0
for line in range(40): # The maximum number of lines per screen
    line = COL1, TOP_MARGIN + LINE_HEIGHT * lineNo
    col_1_textLines.append(line)
    lineNo += 1

col_2_textLines = []
lineNo = 0
for line in range(40):
    line = COL2, TOP_MARGIN + LINE_HEIGHT * lineNo
    col_2_textLines.append(line)
    lineNo += 1

col_2_textLines = []
lineNo = 0
for line in range(40):
    line = COL2, TOP_MARGIN + LINE_HEIGHT * lineNo
    col_2_textLines.append(line)
    lineNo += 1



""" Dungeon Settings """
# Graph paper coordinates
GRID_SCALE    = 5 # feet per square
SQUARE_WIDTH  = 20
SQUARE_HEIGHT = 20
GRID_MARGIN   = 1 # between squares

# Creature Sizes
TINY   = (5, 5)
SMALL  = (10, 10)
MEDIUM = (15, 15)
LARGE  = (20, 20)
HUGE   = (40, 40)

# Creature Speeds and Noise Levels
""" Run is * 10 """
STATIONARY = SILENT      = 0
SHAMBOLIC  = STEALTHY    = 15
SLUGGISH   = QUIET       = 30
SLOW       = NOISY       = 60
PLODDING   = LOUD        = 90
QUICK      = CACOPHONOUS = 120

# Light Source Radii
CANDLELIGHT       = 10
SMALL_ITEMLIGHT   = 10
MEDIUM_ITEMLIGHT  = 15
LONG_ITEMLIGHT    = 20
LANTERNLIGHT      = 30
TORCHLIGHT        = 40

# Cloak screen in darkness
DARKNESS = pygame.Surface(SCREEN_SIZE)
DARKNESS.set_colorkey(COLOURKEY)

# Mask for light colour
LIGHTNESS = pygame.Surface(SCREEN_SIZE)
LIGHTNESS.set_colorkey(COLOURKEY)


def dungeon():
    # Window for testing
    windowSize = windowWidth, windowHeight = WIDTH, HEIGHT
    window = pygame.Surface(windowSize)

    """ Sprite Groups """
    # Dungeon
    walls = pygame.sprite.Group()
    dungeonDressings = pygame.sprite.Group()
    obstacles = pygame.sprite.Group() # Anything that blocks movement
    losBlockers = pygame.sprite.Group() # Anything that blocks line of sight (LOS)

    # Creatures
    characters = pygame.sprite.Group()
    monsters = pygame.sprite.Group()
    allCreatures = pygame.sprite.Group()

    # Lights
    dungeonLights = pygame.sprite.Group()
    creatureLights = pygame.sprite.Group()
    allLights = pygame.sprite.Group()

    # Everything
    allSprites = pygame.sprite.Group()


    """ Sprites """
    # Character sprites
    character = CreatureSprite('character', (WIDTH // 2, HEIGHT // 2 - 50), MEDIUM, QUICK, QUIET, BLUE_LINE, CANDLELIGHT, None, None, characters, allCreatures, allSprites)

    # Enemy sprites
    for monster in range(1):
        orc = CreatureSprite('monster', (WIDTH // 2, HEIGHT // 2 + 50), MEDIUM, PLODDING, NOISY, BLOOD, TORCHLIGHT, None, None, monsters, allCreatures, allSprites)

    # The Wall
    wall = GraphBoxSprite('wall', (WIDTH // 2 - 25, HEIGHT // 2 - 10), 50, 20, BLACK, False, walls, obstacles, losBlockers, allSprites)


    selectedObject = None
    destinationPoint = None


    while True: # Main Loop
        clock.tick(FPS) # Set framerate

        # Capture mouse coordinates on screen and in window
        mousePos = x, y = pygame.mouse.get_pos() 
        mouseWindowPos = (x - int(WIDTH / 2 - windowWidth / 2), y - int(HEIGHT / 2 - windowHeight / 2))

        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == QUIT:
                pygame.quit()
                sys.exit()

            if event.type == KEYDOWN:
                if event.key == K_ESCAPE:
                    if selectedObject:
                        if selectedObject in characters:
                            selectedObject.changeColour(BLUE_LINE)
                        elif selectedObject in monsters:
                            selectedObject.changeColour(BLOOD)
                        selectedObject = None
                    else:
                        quitGame()

            # Set destination with mouse-click
            if event.type == MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
                # Check for double click event
                doubleClick = False
                if doubleClickClock.tick() < DOUBLE_MOUSE_CLICK_TIME:
                    doubleClick = True

                if event.button == 1:
                    if selectedObject: # Single-click to de-select sprite
                        if selectedObject in characters:
                            selectedObject.changeColour(BLUE_LINE)
                        elif selectedObject in monsters:
                            selectedObject.changeColour(BLOOD)
                        selectedObject = None

                    elif not selectedObject: # Single-click to select new sprite
                        for sprite in allCreatures:
                            if sprite.rect.collidepoint(mouseWindowPos):
                                selectedObject = sprite
                                selectedObject.changeColour(GOLDENROD)

                elif event.button == 3:
                    if selectedObject: # Send selected sprite to destination
                        selectedObject.destination = mouseWindowPos


        # Arrange dark and light sources
        DARKNESS.fill(0)
        LIGHTNESS.fill(COLOURKEY)

        # Draw squares on coloured background to mimic graph paper
        window.fill(BLUE_LINE)
        for column in range(SQUARE_WIDTH + GRID_MARGIN, windowWidth, SQUARE_WIDTH + GRID_MARGIN):
            for row in range(SQUARE_HEIGHT + GRID_MARGIN, windowHeight, SQUARE_HEIGHT + GRID_MARGIN):
                pygame.draw.rect(window, WHITE, [column, row, SQUARE_WIDTH, SQUARE_HEIGHT])

        # Update Sprites
        allSprites.update(window, walls, dungeonDressings, obstacles, losBlockers, monsters, characters, allCreatures, dungeonLights, creatureLights, allLights, allSprites)

        # Draw items
        walls.draw(window)
        allCreatures.draw(window)

        # Draw screen overlaid with darkness overlaid by lit areas
        SCREEN.blit(window, (WIDTH // 2 - windowWidth // 2, HEIGHT // 2 - windowHeight // 2))

        # Make LIGHTNESS surface partially transparent
        LIGHTNESS.set_alpha(75)
        SCREEN.blit(LIGHTNESS, (0, 0))
        SCREEN.blit(DARKNESS, (0, 0))
        pygame.display.update()



class GraphBoxSprite(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    # Creates a sprite the size and shape of supplied graph size
    def __init__(self, ID, position, squareWidth, squareHeight, colour, transparent=False, *groups):
        super().__init__(*groups)
        self.ID = ID
        self.position = position
        self.image = pygame.Surface((squareWidth, squareHeight)) # Blank surface
        self.rect = self.image.get_rect(topleft=position)
        self.image.fill(colour)
        if transparent is True:
            self.image.set_colorkey(colour) # Transparent background



class CreatureSprite(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    # Creates a sprite to order
    def __init__(self, ID, position, size, speed, noiseLevel=None, colour=GREY, lightRadius=None, infravision=None, image=None, *groups):
        super().__init__(*groups)
        self.image = pygame.Surface(size) # Blank surface for image
        self.image.fill(WHITE)
        self.image.set_colorkey(WHITE) # Transparent background
        self.rect = self.image.get_rect(topleft=position)

        self.ID = ID
        self.size = size
        self.colour = colour
        self.lightRadius = lightRadius

        self.losLength = 600 # view distance
        self.losWidth = 150 # degrees

        self.position = Vector2(position)
        self.speed = int(speed / (GRID_SCALE * 10))
        self.velocity = Vector2(0, 0)

        self.destination = Vector2(position)
        self.destinationRadius = 40
        self.heading = self.destination - self.position

        
    def update(self, walls, dungeonDressings, obstacles, losBlockers, monsters, characters, allCreatures, dungeonLights, creatureLights, allLights, allSprites):
        # Draw the creature
        pygame.draw.circle(self.image, self.colour, (self.size[0] // 2, self.size[1] // 2), self.size[0] // 2)
        pygame.draw.line(self.image, WHITE, (self.size[0] // 2, self.size[1] // 2), (self.size[0]  // 2, self.size[1] - 20), 1)


        # Draw light over darkness and colour over light
        if self.lightRadius:
            spritePosition = (int(self.position[0]), int(self.position[1])) # syntactic sugar
            pygame.draw.circle(DARKNESS, (COLOURKEY), spritePosition, self.lightRadius * GRID_SCALE)
            pygame.draw.circle(LIGHTNESS, (GOLDENROD), spritePosition, self.lightRadius * GRID_SCALE)


        # Movement
        self.position += self.velocity  # Update the position vector first
        self.rect.center = self.position  # Update the rect afterwards

        # This vector points to the destination
        self.heading = self.destination - self.position
        distance = self.heading.length()

        # Normalize heading for scale to desired length/speed below
        if self.heading: # Cannot normalize a zero vector
            self.heading.normalize_ip()
            
            # Sprite rotation to heading
            #self.image = pygame.transform.rotate(self.image, self.heading) --- won't accept Vector2, only real number ---

            # Slow down when approaching destination
            if distance > self.destinationRadius:
                self.velocity = self.heading * self.speed
            elif distance <= 15:
                for sprite in allSprites:
                    if sprite in allCreatures or sprite in obstacles: # Creatures maintain personal space
                        self.velocity = Vector2(0, 0)
            else:
                self.velocity = self.heading * (distance / self.destinationRadius * self.speed)


        # Line of Sight
        targets = []
        visible = []
        seen = []

        for target in allSprites:
            if target != self:
                targets.append(target.ID)
                lineOfSight = target.position - self.position
                lineOfSightDist = lineOfSight.length()
                
                if lineOfSightDist < self.losLength: # Target in range
                    #if self.heading < self.losWidth: # Target in field of view --- need to convert to comparable format ---
                    x = self.position[0]
                    y = self.position[1]

                    for i in range(int(lineOfSightDist)): # Try to reach target with a cast ray
                        x += lineOfSight[0]
                        y += lineOfSight[1]
                        
                        for sprite in allSprites:
                            if sprite.rect.collidepoint(int(round(x)), int(round(y))):
                                if sprite in losBlockers: # Stop ray
                                    seen.append(sprite)
                                    visible.append(target.ID)
                                    break
                                else:
                                    seen.append(sprite)
                                    visible.append(target.ID)
                                    break

        print('{} sees {} out of {} in range'.format(self.ID, visible, targets))
        

        # Creature AI
        if self.ID == 'monster':
            if seen:
                for sprite in seen:
                    if sprite.ID == 'character':
                        self.destination = sprite.position


        # When sprites collide
        for sprite in allSprites:
            if self.rect.colliderect(sprite):
                if self in allCreatures and sprite in obstacles:
                    self.velocity = Vector2(0, 0)


    def changeColour(self, colour):
        self.colour = colour



def quitGame():
    pygame.quit()
    sys.exit()



def waitForKeyPress():
    # Pause program until a key is pressed
    while True:
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
                pygame.quit()
                sys.exit()

            if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN or event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
                return



""" Start Game """
if __name__ == '__main__':
    dungeon()

Answer 1

仅从静态代码的一部分中看不到为什么您的程序无法运行，看来应该如此。

不过，我可以提供自己的解决方案：

对于每个NPC /对手：

计算每个NPC与播放器之间的行。这里我们只使用精灵矩形的中心，因为它很容易。如果愿意，可以将其视为“射线”。
确定是否有Wall / Blocker对象位于此线/射线上。
- 如果是，则视线已损坏，我们可以停止检查。

因此，视线只是（Player-x，Player-y）到（NPC-x，NPC-y），定义了 line 。

每个Wall对象是 4条线（形成一个矩形），因此我们检查Player-NPC线与每个矩形侧线的交集。这简化了对某些没有三角学或平方根的线性几何的检查。一旦线上发现任何东西，NPC就看不到播放器。也无需沿着视线“检查”遮挡物。

注意：根据设计，我们不检查是否有遮盖其他NPC视野的NPC。

参考代码：

import pygame
import random

WINDOW_WIDTH = 800
WINDOW_HEIGHT= 600
SURFACE = pygame.HWSURFACE|pygame.DOUBLEBUF|pygame.RESIZABLE

#define colour
WHITE = ( 200, 200, 200)
GREY  = ( 50, 50, 50)
BLACK = (0,0,0)
RED   = ( 200, 0, 0 )
GREEN = (0,255,0)
TAN   = (240,171,15)
YELLOW= (255,255,0)


def lineRectIntersectionPoints( line, rect ):
    """ Get the list of points where the line and rect
        intersect,  The result may be zero, one or two points.

        BUG: This function fails when the line and the side
             of the rectangle overlap """

    def linesAreParallel( x1,y1, x2,y2, x3,y3, x4,y4 ):
        """ Return True if the given lines (x1,y1)-(x2,y2) and
            (x3,y3)-(x4,y4) are parallel """
        return (((x1-x2)*(y3-y4)) - ((y1-y2)*(x3-x4)) == 0)

    def intersectionPoint( x1,y1, x2,y2, x3,y3, x4,y4 ):
        """ Return the point where the lines through (x1,y1)-(x2,y2)
            and (x3,y3)-(x4,y4) cross.  This may not be on-screen  """
        #Use determinant method, as per
        #Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%E2%80%93line_intersection
        Px = ((((x1*y2)-(y1*x2))*(x3 - x4)) - ((x1-x2)*((x3*y4)-(y3*x4)))) / (((x1-x2)*(y3-y4)) - ((y1-y2)*(x3-x4)))
        Py = ((((x1*y2)-(y1*x2))*(y3 - y4)) - ((y1-y2)*((x3*y4)-(y3*x4)))) / (((x1-x2)*(y3-y4)) - ((y1-y2)*(x3-x4)))
        return Px,Py

    ### Begin the intersection tests
    result = []
    line_x1, line_y1, line_x2, line_y2 = line   # split into components
    pos_x, pos_y, width, height = rect

    ### Convert the rectangle into 4 lines
    rect_lines = [ ( pos_x, pos_y, pos_x+width, pos_y ), ( pos_x, pos_y+height, pos_x+width, pos_y+height ),  # top & bottom
                   ( pos_x, pos_y, pos_x, pos_y+height ), ( pos_x+width, pos_y, pos_x+width, pos_y+height ) ] # left & right

    ### intersect each rect-side with the line
    for r in rect_lines:
        rx1,ry1,rx2,ry2 = r
        if ( not linesAreParallel( line_x1,line_y1, line_x2,line_y2, rx1,ry1, rx2,ry2 ) ):    # not parallel
            pX, pY = intersectionPoint( line_x1,line_y1, line_x2,line_y2, rx1,ry1, rx2,ry2 )  # so intersecting somewhere
            pX = round( pX )
            pY = round( pY )
            # Lines intersect, but is on the rectangle, and between the line end-points?
            if ( rect.collidepoint( pX, pY )   and
                 pX >= min( line_x1, line_x2 ) and pX <= max( line_x1, line_x2 ) and
                 pY >= min( line_y1, line_y2 ) and pY <= max( line_y1, line_y2 ) ):
                pygame.draw.circle( window, WHITE, ( pX, pY ), 4 )
                result.append( ( pX, pY ) )                                     # keep it
                if ( len( result ) == 2 ):
                    break   # Once we've found 2 intersection points, that's it
    return result



class Wall( pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    """ Rectangular objects that blocks line-of-sight """
    def __init__( self, x, y, width, height ):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__( self )
        self.image = pygame.Surface( ( width, height ) )
        self.rect  = self.image.get_rect();
        self.rect.topleft = ( x, y )
        self.image.fill( TAN )

    def getRect( self ):
        return self.rect
        

class Being( pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    """ Some kind of creature with miraculous 360 degree vision """
    def __init__( self, x, y, colour=YELLOW, size=48 ):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__( self )
        self.colour= colour
        self.image = pygame.Surface( ( size, size ), pygame.SRCALPHA )
        self.rect  = self.image.get_rect();
        self.rect.center = ( x, y )
        self.size  = size
        self.seen  = False
        self.update()

    def update( self ):
        """ If we've been seen, go red with embrassment """
        if ( self.seen ):
            colour = RED
        else:
            colour = self.colour
        pygame.draw.circle( self.image, colour, ( self.size//2, self.size//2 ), self.size//2 )

    def setSeen( self, seen=True ):
        self.seen = seen

    def getCentre( self ):
        return self.rect.center

    def getRect( self ):
        return self.rect




### initialisation
pygame.init()
pygame.mixer.init()
window = pygame.display.set_mode( ( WINDOW_WIDTH, WINDOW_HEIGHT ), SURFACE )
pygame.display.set_caption("Line of Sight")

# Occluders
wall_sprites = pygame.sprite.Group()
central_block = Wall( WINDOW_WIDTH//3, WINDOW_HEIGHT//2, WINDOW_WIDTH//3, 20 )  # top middle (random)
wall_sprites.add( central_block )

# NPCs
npc_sprites = pygame.sprite.Group()
for i in range( 3 ):
    npc_sprites.add( Being( random.randint( 50, WINDOW_WIDTH-50 ), 50, GREEN ) )

# Player
player_sprite = pygame.sprite.GroupSingle()
player = Being( WINDOW_WIDTH//2, 3*WINDOW_HEIGHT//4 )  # bottom middle
player_sprite.add ( player )


### Main Loop
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
done = False
while not done:

    # Handle user-input
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if ( event.type == pygame.QUIT ):
            done = True
        elif ( event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONUP ):
            # On mouse-click
            pass

    # Movement keys
    keys = pygame.key.get_pressed()
    if ( keys[pygame.K_LEFT] ):
        player.rect.x -= 1
    if ( keys[pygame.K_RIGHT] ):
        player.rect.x += 1
    if ( keys[pygame.K_UP] ):
        player.rect.y -= 1
    if ( keys[pygame.K_DOWN] ):
        player.rect.y += 1


    # Update the window, but not more than 60fps
    window.fill( BLACK )

    # Check to see if the Player can see any NPCs
    player_centre = player.getCentre()
    for npc in npc_sprites:
        npc_centre = npc.getCentre()
        # Does the line <player> to <npc> intersect any obstacles?
        line_of_sight = [ player_centre[0], player_centre[1], npc_centre[0], npc_centre[1] ]
        found = True
        for wall in wall_sprites:
            # is anyting blocking the line-of-sight?
            intersection_points = lineRectIntersectionPoints( line_of_sight, wall.getRect() )
            if ( len( intersection_points ) > 0 ):
                found = False
                break # seen already
        # Highlight anyone found
        npc.setSeen( found )
        if ( found ):
            pygame.draw.line( window, WHITE, player_centre, npc_centre )
        else:
            pygame.draw.line( window, GREY, player_centre, npc_centre )
                
    # draw the sprites
    wall_sprites.draw( window )
    npc_sprites.update()
    npc_sprites.draw( window )
    player_sprite.draw( window )

    pygame.display.flip()
    clock.tick_busy_loop(60)


pygame.quit()

Answer 2

全部感谢您的输入。解决方案的确是我的活动代码@Kingsley中的错误。

虽然看不见的精灵仍被添加到看到的列表中，但我能够在末尾添加一行以从列表中删除看不见的精灵。

很高兴知道我的原始代码正在工作，但是您的视线帮助我隔离了问题，改善了我的Sprite系统，并开发了更强大的光线投射系统-谢谢！

您会在视线循环的结尾处找到visible.remove ( target )：

while True: # Main Loop
    # Capture mouse coordinates on screen and in window
    mousePos = x, y = pygame.mouse.get_pos() 

    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == QUIT:
            pygame.quit()
            sys.exit()

        if event.type == KEYDOWN:
            if event.key == K_ESCAPE:
                if selectedObject:
                    if selectedObject in characters:
                        selectedObject.selected = False
                    selectedObject = None
                else:
                    quitGame()

        # Set destination with mouse-click
        if event.type == MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
            # Check for double click event
            doubleClick = False
            if doubleClickClock.tick() < DOUBLE_MOUSE_CLICK_TIME:
                doubleClick = True

            if event.button == 1:
                if selectedObject: # Single-click to de-select sprite
                    if selectedObject in characters:
                        selectedObject.selected = False
                    elif selectedObject in monsters:
                        selectedObject.selected = False
                    selectedObject = None

                if not selectedObject: # Single-click to select new sprite
                    for sprite in allCreatures:
                        if sprite.rect.collidepoint( mousePos ):
                            selectedObject = sprite
                            selectedObject.selected = True

            if event.button == 3:
                if selectedObject: # Send selected sprite to destination
                    selectedObject.destination = mousePos

    # Refresh the screen
    clock.tick( FPS ) # Set framerate
    window.fill( WHITE )

    # Arrange dark and light sources
    DARKNESS.fill( 0 )
    LIGHTNESS.fill( COLOURKEY )

    # Draw Graph Paper
    window.fill( BLUE_LINE )
    for column in range( 0 + GRID_MARGIN, WIDTH, SQUARE_WIDTH + GRID_MARGIN ):
        for row in range( 0 + GRID_MARGIN, HEIGHT, SQUARE_HEIGHT + GRID_MARGIN ):
            pygame.draw.rect( window, WHITE, [column, row, SQUARE_WIDTH, SQUARE_HEIGHT] )

    # Check for creature line of sight
    targets = []
    visible = []
    for viewer in allCreatures:
        viewerCenter = viewer.getCenter()
        for target in allCreatures:
            targetCenter = target.getCenter()
            targets.append(target)

            # Does the line of sight intersect any obstacles?
            lineOfSight = [ viewerCenter[0], viewerCenter[1], targetCenter[0], targetCenter[1] ]
            seen = True

            for blocker in losBlockers:
                # Is anything blocking line of sight?
                intersectionPoints = lineRectIntersectionPoints( lineOfSight, blocker.getRect() )
                if ( len( intersectionPoints ) > 0 ):
                    seen = False
                    break # seen already

            # Highlight anyone found
            target.setSeen( seen )

            if ( seen ):
                pygame.draw.line( window, RED, viewerCenter, targetCenter )
                visible.append( target )
            else:
                pygame.draw.line( window, GREY, viewerCenter, targetCenter )
                if target in visible:
                    visible.remove ( target )
    
        # Creature AI
        if viewer.ID == 'monster':
            if visible:
                for sprite in visible:
                    if sprite.ID == 'character':
                        viewer.destination = sprite.position

    # Update Sprites
    allSprites.update( obstacles, allCreatures, allSprites )

    # Draw items
    allSprites.draw( window )

    # Make LIGHTNESS surface partially transparent
    LIGHTNESS.set_alpha( 75 )
    window.blit( LIGHTNESS, ( 0, 0 ) )
    window.blit( DARKNESS, ( 0, 0 ) )

    pygame.display.update()

Answer 3

我想我有办法在这里做。我这是你想要的吗？：

import pygame
import random

Randomx = random.randint(1,450)
Randomy = random.randint(1,450)

Wallx = Randomx - 50
Wally = Randomy

screen = pygame.display.set_mode([500,500])

x = 225
y = 225
running = True

while running:
    keys = pygame.key.get_pressed()
    screen.fill([255,255,255])
    if keys[pygame.K_LEFT]:
        #move
        x -= .2
        #make shure it isn't off the screen
        if x <= 0:
            x = 0
    if keys[pygame.K_RIGHT]:
        x += .2
        if x >= 450:
            x = 450
    if keys[pygame.K_UP]:
        y -= .2
        if y <= 0:
            y = 0
    if keys[pygame.K_DOWN]:
        y += .2
        if y >= 450:
            y = 450
    #Red's Vision
    vision1 = pygame.draw.rect(screen, [0,0,0], (0,y,500,50))
    vision2 = pygame.draw.rect(screen, [0,0,0], (x,0,50,500))
    #-----------------------------------------------
    #Red
    red = pygame.draw.rect(screen, [255,0,0], (x,y,50,50))
    #Blue
    blue = pygame.draw.rect(screen, [0,0,255], (Randomx,Randomy,50,50))
    #Wall
    wall = pygame.draw.rect(screen, [0,255,0], (Wallx,Wally,25,50))
    #Collisoin Detection/Vision
    if vision1.colliderect(blue):
        SeeBlock = True
        if x >= Randomx:
            w = x - Randomx
        if x <= Randomx:
            w = Randomx - x
        if x >= Randomx:
            vision3 = pygame.draw.rect(screen, [0,0,0], (x,y,-w,50))
            if vision3.colliderect(wall):
                SeeBlock = False
        if x <= Randomx:
            vision3 = pygame.draw.rect(screen, [0,0,0], (x,y,w,50))
            if vision3.colliderect(wall):
                SeeBlock = False
        red = pygame.draw.rect(screen, [255,0,0], (x,y,50,50))
        blue = pygame.draw.rect(screen, [0,0,255], (Randomx,Randomy,50,50))
        wall = pygame.draw.rect(screen, [0,255,0], (Wallx,Wally,25,50))
        if SeeBlock == True:
            print("I SEE IT!")
        
    if vision2.colliderect(blue):
        SeeBlock = True
        if y >= Randomx:
            w = y - Randomy
        if y <= Randomx:
            w = y + Randomy
        if y >= Randomy:
            vision3 = pygame.draw.rect(screen, [0,0,0], (x,y,-w,50))
            if vision3.colliderect(wall):
                SeeBlock = False
        if y <= Randomy:
            vision3 = pygame.draw.rect(screen, [0,0,0], (x,y,w,50))
            if vision3.colliderect(wall):
                SeeBlock = False
        red = pygame.draw.rect(screen, [255,0,0], (x,y,50,50))
        blue = pygame.draw.rect(screen, [0,0,255], (Randomx,Randomy,50,50))
        wall = pygame.draw.rect(screen, [0,255,0], (Wallx,Wally,25,50))
        if SeeBlock == True:
            print("I SEE IT!")
    pygame.display.flip()
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
            if event.key == pygame.K_ESCAPE:
                running = False
                pygame.quit()

Pygame中的2D射线投射和rect碰撞（视线，障碍物）

墙类

生物课

完整代码

3 个答案: