我只是在学习c ++(自从我多年前参加一个为期一周的夏令营以来第一天看它)
我正在将我正在使用Java编写的程序转换为C ++:
#ifndef ADD_H
#define ADD_H
#define _USE_MATH_DEFINES
#include <iostream>
#include <math.h>
using namespace std;
class Evaluatable {
public:
virtual double evaluate(double x);
};
class SkewNormalEvalutatable : Evaluatable{
public:
SkewNormalEvalutatable();
double evaluate(double x){
return 1 / sqrt(2 * M_PI) * pow(2.71828182845904523536, -x * x / 2);
}
};
SkewNormalEvalutatable::SkewNormalEvalutatable()
{
}
double getSkewNormal(double skewValue, double x)
{
SkewNormalEvalutatable e ();
return 2 / sqrt(2 * M_PI) * pow(2.71828182845904523536, -x * x / 2) * integrate(-1000, skewValue * x, 10000, e);
}
// double normalDist(double x){
// return 1 / Math.sqrt(2 * Math.PI) * Math.pow(Math.E, -x * x / 2);
// }
double integrate (double start, double stop,
int numSteps,
Evaluatable evalObj)
{
double stepSize = (stop - start) / (double)numSteps;
start = start + stepSize / 2.0;
return (stepSize * sum(start, stop, stepSize, evalObj));
}
double sum (double start, double stop,
double stepSize,
Evaluatable evalObj)
{
double sum = 0.0, current = start;
while (current <= stop) {
sum += evalObj.evaluate(current);
current += stepSize;
}
return(sum);
}
// int main()
// {
// cout << getSkewNormal(10.0, 0) << endl;
// return 0;
// }
#endif
错误是:
SkewNormal.h: In function 'double getSkewNormal(double, double)' :
SkewNormal.h: 29: error: 'integrate' was not declared in this scope
SkewNormal.h: In function 'double integrate(double, double, int, Evaluatable)':
SkewNormal.h:41: error: 'sum' was not declared in this scope
积分和求和都应该是函数
这是Java代码,或多或少相同:
public static double negativelySkewed(double skew, int min, int max){
return randomSkew(skew) * (max - min) + min;
}
public static double randomSkew(final double skew){
final double xVal = Math.random();
return 2 * normalDist(xVal) * Integral.integrate(-500, skew * xVal, 100000, new Evaluatable() {
@Override
public double evaluate(double value) {
return normalDist(value);
}
});
}
public static double normalDist(double x){
return 1 / Math.sqrt(2 * Math.PI) * Math.pow(Math.E, -x * x / 2);
}
/** A class to calculate summations and numeric integrals. The
* integral is calculated according to the midpoint rule.
*
* Taken from Core Web Programming from
* Prentice Hall and Sun Microsystems Press,
* http://www.corewebprogramming.com/.
* © 2001 Marty Hall and Larry Brown;
* may be freely used or adapted.
*/
public static class Integral {
/** Returns the sum of f(x) from x=start to x=stop, where the
* function f is defined by the evaluate method of the
* Evaluatable object.
*/
public static double sum(double start, double stop,
double stepSize,
Evaluatable evalObj) {
double sum = 0.0, current = start;
while (current <= stop) {
sum += evalObj.evaluate(current);
current += stepSize;
}
return(sum);
}
/** Returns an approximation of the integral of f(x) from
* start to stop, using the midpoint rule. The function f is
* defined by the evaluate method of the Evaluatable object.
*/
public static double integrate(double start, double stop,
int numSteps,
Evaluatable evalObj) {
double stepSize = (stop - start) / (double)numSteps;
start = start + stepSize / 2.0;
return(stepSize * sum(start, stop, stepSize, evalObj));
}
}
/** An interface for evaluating functions y = f(x) at a specific
* value. Both x and y are double-precision floating-point
* numbers.
*
* Taken from Core Web Programming from
* Prentice Hall and Sun Microsystems Press,
* http://www.corewebprogramming.com/.
* © 2001 Marty Hall and Larry Brown;
* may be freely used or adapted.
*/
public static interface Evaluatable {
public double evaluate(double value);
}
我确定这很简单
另外,我该如何致电
getSkewNormal(double skewValue, double x)
从SkewNormal.h以外的文件?
答案 0 :(得分:47)
在C ++中,您应该在使用它们之前声明函数。在您的代码中integrate
未在第一次调用integrate
之前声明。这同样适用于sum
。因此错误。重新排序定义,以便函数定义在第一次调用该函数之前,或者为每个函数引入[forward]非定义声明。
此外,在C ++中禁止使用头文件中定义外部非内联函数。您对SkewNormalEvalutatable::SkewNormalEvalutatable
,getSkewNormal
,integrate
等的定义在头文件中没有业务。
C ++中的SkewNormalEvalutatable e();
声明也声明了一个函数e
,而不是你想象的对象e
。简单的SkewNormalEvalutatable e;
将声明一个由默认构造函数初始化的对象。
此外,您还会将integrate
(以及sum
)的最后一个参数作为Evaluatable
类型的对象。这意味着,尝试将SkewNormalEvalutatable
作为integrate
的最后一个参数传递将导致SkewNormalEvalutatable
被切分为Evaluatable
。因此,多态性不起作用。如果您需要多态行为,则必须通过引用或指针接收此参数,但不能通过值接收。
答案 1 :(得分:7)
在C ++中,您的源文件通常在一次传递中从上到下进行解析,因此必须先声明任何变量或函数,然后才能使用它们。这有一些例外,比如在类定义中定义函数内联时,但代码不是这种情况。
将integrate
的定义移到getSkewNormal
的定义之上,或在getSkewNormal
之上添加转发声明:
double integrate (double start, double stop, int numSteps, Evaluatable evalObj);
同样适用于sum
。
答案 2 :(得分:5)
通常,在调用它们之前必须声明C ++函数。所以在定义getSkewNormal()
之前的某个时候,编译器需要看到声明:
double integrate (double start, double stop, int numSteps, Evaluatable evalObj);
大多数人所做的是将所有声明( only )放在头文件中,并将实际代码 - 函数和方法的定义 - 到一个单独的源(*.cc
或*.cpp
)文件。这巧妙地解决了需要声明所有函数的问题。