我一直在尝试对这个多维数据集进行纹理处理，它使用图像进行了纹理处理，但没有以正确的方式进行

Question

当我运行程序时，多维数据集上的纹理似乎定向不正确并重复自身。图像中的白色也似乎已被绿色取代。我曾尝试删除glColor标签，但这只会引发错误。如果有人也知道如何使它仅显示原始图像，那将是很好的，但如果没有人能做到，那还不是世界末日。

看起来像这样

纹理就是这个

这是我的代码：

import pygame
import sys
from OpenGL.GL import *
from OpenGL.GLU import *
from pygame.locals import *

verticies = (
    (1, 1, 1),      #0
    (1, 1, -1),     #1
    (1, -1, 1),     #2
    (1, -1, -1),    #3
    (-1, 1, 1),     #4
    (-1, 1, -1),    #5
    (-1, -1, 1),    #6
    (-1, -1, -1),   #7
    )

# (<node1>, <node2>)
edges = (
    (0, 1),         #0
    (0, 2),         #1
    (0, 4),         #2
    (1, 3),         #3
    (1, 5),         #4
    (2, 3),         #5
    (2, 6),         #6
    (3, 7),         #7
    (4, 5),         #8
    (4, 6),         #9
    (5, 7),         #10
    (6, 7),         #11
    )

# (<node1>, <node2>, <node3>, <node4>)
faces = (
    (0, 1, 3, 2),   #0
    (0, 1, 5, 4),   #1
    (0, 2, 6, 4),   #2
    (1, 3, 7, 5),   #3
    (2, 3, 7, 6),   #4
    (4, 5, 7, 6),   #5
    )

def cube():
    glBegin(GL_QUADS)
    for face in faces:
        for vertex in face:
            glColor3fv((0, 1, 0))
            glTexCoord2fv(edges[vertex])
            glVertex3fv(verticies[vertex])
    glEnd()

    glBegin(GL_LINES)
    for edge in edges:
        for vertex in edge:
            glColor3fv((0, 0, 0))
            glVertex3fv(verticies[vertex])
    glEnd()


def loadTexture():
    textureSurface = pygame.image.load('test_image.png')
    textureData = pygame.image.tostring(textureSurface, "RGBA", 1)
    width = textureSurface.get_width()
    height = textureSurface.get_height()

    glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D)
    texid = glGenTextures(1)

    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texid)
    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height,
                  0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, textureData)

    glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT)
    glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT)
    glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST)
    glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST)

def main():
    pygame.init()
    display = (800, 600)
    pygame.display.set_mode(display, DOUBLEBUF|OPENGL)

##    loadTexture()

    gluPerspective(45, (display[0]/display[1]), 0.1, 50.0)

    glTranslatef(0.0, 0.0, -5)

    glRotatef(0, 0, 0, 0)

    shiftActive = 0
    ctrlActive = 0

    while 1:
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
                pygame.quit()
                quit

        if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
            if event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
                  glTranslatef(0.03, 0, 0)
            if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
                  glTranslatef(-0.03, 0, 0)
            if event.key == pygame.K_UP:
                  glTranslatef(0, -0.03, 0)    
            if event.key == pygame.K_DOWN:
                  glTranslatef(0, 0.03, 0)
            if event.key == pygame.K_LSHIFT:
                shiftActive = 1
            if event.key == pygame.K_LCTRL:
                ctrlActive = 1

        if event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
            if event.key == pygame.K_LSHIFT:
                shiftActive = 0
            if event.key == pygame.K_LCTRL:
                ctrlActive = 0

        # scroll controls  !CURRENTLY IN CLIK MODE BECAUSE OF MOUSE ISSUES!
        if shiftActive:
            if event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
                if event.button == 1:
                    glTranslatef(-0.03, 0, 0)
                if event.button == 3:
                    glTranslatef(0.03, 0, 0)
        elif ctrlActive:
            if event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
                if event.button == 1:
                    glTranslatef(0, 0, 0.03)
                if event.button == 3:
                    glTranslatef(0, 0, -0.03)
        else:
            if event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
                if event.button == 1:
                    glTranslatef(0, -0.03, 0)
                if event.button == 3:
                    glTranslatef(0, 0.03, 0)

##        glRotatef(1, 1, 1, 1)
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
        cube()
        loadTexture()
        pygame.display.flip()
        pygame.time.wait(10)

main()

有人知道我在做什么错吗？

再次出现堆栈溢出，我不喜欢我的代码与描述的比率，因此我必须在问题的末尾添加随机句子，以便发布。我希望将其删除或只是发出可选警告。我不认为深入讨论图像的角度和应该将图像的百分比大小与每个面孔的当前大小进行比较，并给出覆盖纹理中白色的绿色的确切十六进制值将帮助任何人回答这个问题。 FFS堆栈溢出。

Answer 1

有一些问题。首先，纹理的颜色是错误的。

如果启用纹理，则默认情况下，纹理像素的颜色将乘以当前颜色，因为默认情况下纹理环境模式（GL_TEXTURE_ENV_MODE）为GL_MODULATE。参见glTexEnv。

这将导致纹理的纹理像素的颜色与glColor3f设置的最后一种颜色“混合”。

在渲染纹理之前设置“白色”颜色以解决您的问题：

glColor3f(1, 1, 1)

同样，您可以将环境模式更改为GL_REPLACE，

glTexEnvi(GL_TEXTURE_ENV, GL_TEXTURE_ENV_MODE, GL_REPLACE)

此外，纹理未按预期包装到几何图形。这是因为纹理坐标错误。阅读How do opengl texture coordinates work?。

如果要将整个纹理放置到立方体的每一侧，则必须为形成立方体一侧的四边形的每个角定义一个纹理坐标。最小纹理坐标为（0，0），最大为（1，1）。例如：

(0, 1)        (1, 1)
      +------+
      |      |
      |      |
      +------+
(0, 0)        (1, 0)

按如下所示更改代码以绘制适当的立方体：

uv = ((1, 1), (1, 0), (0, 0), (0, 1))

def cube():
    glColor3f(1, 1, 1)
    glBegin(GL_QUADS)
    for face in faces:
        for i, vertex in enumerate(face):
            glTexCoord2fv(uv[i])
            glVertex3fv(verticies[vertex])
    glEnd()

---

如果要使立方体的靠近相机的侧面遮盖住它们后面的侧面，则必须通过Depth Test启用glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)。

在每个帧中重新加载纹理是浪费时间。在主循环之前加载一次纹理就足够了。

# load texture
loadTexture()

# enable  the depth test
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)

while 1:

    # [...]

    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
    cube()
    pygame.display.flip()
    pygame.time.wait(10)

请注意，在绘制几何图形（立方体）之前，必须确保绑定了正确的纹理（glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texid)）并启用了2维纹理（glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D)）。
OpenGL是一个状态引擎。设置的状态会保留，直到您再次更改它们为止，甚至超出框架。

---

存在不同的电流矩阵，可以通过glMatrixMode进行切换。顶点坐标由投影矩阵和模型视图矩阵转换：

pos = projectionMatrix * modelviewMatrix * vertex

因此，应将投影矩阵设置为当前投影矩阵，并将视图分别设置为模式视图矩阵：

glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
gluPerspective(45, (display[0]/display[1]), 0.1, 50.0)

glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
glTranslatef(0.0, 0.0, -5)
glRotatef(0, 0, 0, 0)

当前矩阵组织在堆栈中，可以通过glPushMatrix()/glPopMatrix

保存和恢复。

请参见以下main()的示例代码：

def main():
    pygame.init()
    display = (800, 600)
    pygame.display.set_mode(display, DOUBLEBUF|OPENGL)

    glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
    gluPerspective(45, (display[0]/display[1]), 0.1, 50.0)

    glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
    glTranslatef(0.0, 0.0, -5)

    loadTexture()
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)

    shiftActive, ctrlActive = 0, 0
    anglex, angley = 0, 0
    while 1:
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            # [...]
        # [...]

        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)

        glPushMatrix()
        glRotate(anglex, 1, 0, 0)
        glRotate(angley, 0, 1, 0)
        anglex += 2
        angley += 1

        cube()

        glPopMatrix()

        pygame.display.flip()
        pygame.time.wait(10)

Answer 2

试试这个（注意glColor3fv（（1，1，1））和“ textcoords”）：

import pygame
import sys
from OpenGL.GL import *
from OpenGL.GLU import *
from pygame.locals import *

verticies = (
    (1, 1, 1),      #0
    (1, 1, -1),     #1
    (1, -1, 1),     #2
    (1, -1, -1),    #3
    (-1, 1, 1),     #4
    (-1, 1, -1),    #5
    (-1, -1, 1),    #6
    (-1, -1, -1),   #7
    )

# (<node1>, <node2>)
edges = (
    (0, 1),         #0
    (0, 2),         #1
    (0, 4),         #2
    (1, 3),         #3
    (1, 5),         #4
    (2, 3),         #5
    (2, 6),         #6
    (3, 7),         #7
    (4, 5),         #8
    (4, 6),         #9
    (5, 7),         #10
    (6, 7),         #11
    )

textcoords = (
    (1, 1),
    (1, 0),
    (0, 0),
    (0, 1)
    )

# (<node1>, <node2>, <node3>, <node4>)
faces = (
    (0, 1, 3, 2),   #0
    (0, 1, 5, 4),   #1
    (0, 2, 6, 4),   #2
    (1, 3, 7, 5),   #3
    (2, 3, 7, 6),   #4
    (4, 5, 7, 6),   #5
    )

def cube():
    glBegin(GL_QUADS)
    for face in faces:
        for vertex, id in zip(face, range(0, 4)):
            glColor3fv((1, 1, 1))
            glTexCoord2fv(textcoords[id])
            glVertex3fv(verticies[vertex])
    glEnd()

    glBegin(GL_LINES)
    for edge in edges:
        for vertex in edge:
            glColor3fv((0, 0, 0))
            glVertex3fv(verticies[vertex])
    glEnd()


def loadTexture():
    textureSurface = pygame.image.load('BkHwp.png')
    textureData = pygame.image.tostring(textureSurface, "RGBA", 1)
    width = textureSurface.get_width()
    height = textureSurface.get_height()

    glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D)
    texid = glGenTextures(1)

    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texid)
    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height,
                 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, textureData)

    glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT)
    glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT)
    glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST)
    glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST)
    #glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D)

def main():
    pygame.init()
    display = (800, 600)
    pygame.display.set_mode(display, DOUBLEBUF|OPENGL)

    gluPerspective(45, (display[0]/display[1]), 0.1, 50.0)

    glTranslatef(0.0, 0.0, -5)

    glRotatef(0, 0, 0, 0)

    shiftActive = 0
    ctrlActive = 0

    while 1:
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
                pygame.quit()
                quit

        if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
            if event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
                  glTranslatef(0.03, 0, 0)
            if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
                  glTranslatef(-0.03, 0, 0)
            if event.key == pygame.K_UP:
                  glTranslatef(0, -0.03, 0)
            if event.key == pygame.K_DOWN:
                  glTranslatef(0, 0.03, 0)
            if event.key == pygame.K_LSHIFT:
                shiftActive = 1
            if event.key == pygame.K_LCTRL:
                ctrlActive = 1

        if event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
            if event.key == pygame.K_LSHIFT:
                shiftActive = 0
            if event.key == pygame.K_LCTRL:
                ctrlActive = 0

        # scroll controls  !CURRENTLY IN CLIK MODE BECAUSE OF MOUSE ISSUES!
        if shiftActive:
            if event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
                if event.button == 1:
                    glTranslatef(-0.03, 0, 0)
                if event.button == 3:
                    glTranslatef(0.03, 0, 0)
        elif ctrlActive:
            if event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
                if event.button == 1:
                    glTranslatef(0, 0, 0.03)
                if event.button == 3:
                    glTranslatef(0, 0, -0.03)
        else:
            if event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
                if event.button == 1:
                    glTranslatef(0, -0.03, 0)
                if event.button == 3:
                    glTranslatef(0, 0.03, 0)

##        glRotatef(1, 1, 1, 1)
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
        cube()
        loadTexture()
        pygame.display.flip()
        pygame.time.wait(10)

main()