我想根据其他4列的值创建一个boolean类型的新列。我有一个函数is_proximal，它需要两个2元组（4个值）并返回一个布尔值。
我正在将列从pandas DataFrame传递给此函数。 is_proximal函数依次使用参数调用geopy.distance.distance。
def is_proximal(p1, p2, exact=True):
dist = distance(p1, p2)
if exact:
return dist.miles < 0.75 # mile threshold
return dist.m < 100 # meter threshold
airbnb_coords = (df.loc[:, "lat_airbnb"], df.loc[:, "long_airbnb"])
homeaway_coords = (df.loc[:, "lat_homeaway"], df.loc[:, "long_homeaway"])
exacts.loc[:, "proximal"] = is_proximal(airbnb_coords, homeaway_coords)
这会导致以下错误：
ValueError: The truth value of a Series is ambiguous. Use a.empty, a.bool(), a.item(), a.any() or a.all().
我无法理解为什么会发生此错误。我需要做些什么改变才能完成我想做的事情？
预期输出是boolean类型的附加列。输入数据帧df在所有列中都包含整数值。
完整的追溯：
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-663-435de26b3cfa> in <module>
----> 1 m = filter_geographic_proximity(beds)
~/src/exemption_project/src/match.py in filter_geographic_proximity(df)
53 airbnb_coords = (exacts.loc[:, "lat_airbnb"], exacts.loc[:, "long_airbnb"])
54 homeaway_coords = (exacts.loc[:, "lat_homeaway"], exacts.loc[:, "long_homeaway"])
---> 55 exacts.loc[:, "proximal"] = is_proximal(airbnb_coords, homeaway_coords)
56
57 airbnb_coords = (inexacts.loc[:, "lat_airbnb"], inexacts.loc[:, "long_airbnb"])
~/src/exemption_project/src/match.py in is_proximal(p1, p2, exact)
29 def filter_geographic_proximity(df):
30 def is_proximal(p1, p2, exact=True):
---> 31 dist = distance(p1, p2)
32
33 if exact:
~/.local/share/virtualenvs/exemption_project-xI6bzvA1/lib/python3.7/site-packages/geopy/distance.py in __init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
387 kwargs.pop('iterations', 0)
388 major, minor, f = self.ELLIPSOID
--> 389 super(geodesic, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
390
391 def set_ellipsoid(self, ellipsoid):
~/.local/share/virtualenvs/exemption_project-xI6bzvA1/lib/python3.7/site-packages/geopy/distance.py in __init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
162 elif len(args) > 1:
163 for a, b in util.pairwise(args):
--> 164 kilometers += self.measure(a, b)
165
166 kilometers += units.kilometers(**kwargs)
~/.local/share/virtualenvs/exemption_project-xI6bzvA1/lib/python3.7/site-packages/geopy/distance.py in measure(self, a, b)
408 # Call geographiclib routines for measure and destination
409 def measure(self, a, b):
--> 410 a, b = Point(a), Point(b)
411 lat1, lon1 = a.latitude, a.longitude
412 lat2, lon2 = b.latitude, b.longitude
~/.local/share/virtualenvs/exemption_project-xI6bzvA1/lib/python3.7/site-packages/geopy/point.py in __new__(cls, latitude, longitude, altitude)
163 )
164 else:
--> 165 return cls.from_sequence(seq)
166
167 if single_arg:
~/.local/share/virtualenvs/exemption_project-xI6bzvA1/lib/python3.7/site-packages/geopy/point.py in from_sequence(cls, seq)
403 raise ValueError('When creating a Point from sequence, it '
404 'must not have more than 3 items.')
--> 405 return cls(*args)
406
407 @classmethod
~/.local/share/virtualenvs/exemption_project-xI6bzvA1/lib/python3.7/site-packages/geopy/point.py in __new__(cls, latitude, longitude, altitude)
176
177 latitude, longitude, altitude = \
--> 178 _normalize_coordinates(latitude, longitude, altitude)
179
180 self = super(Point, cls).__new__(cls)
~/.local/share/virtualenvs/exemption_project-xI6bzvA1/lib/python3.7/site-packages/geopy/point.py in _normalize_coordinates(latitude, longitude, altitude)
57
58 def _normalize_coordinates(latitude, longitude, altitude):
---> 59 latitude = float(latitude or 0.0)
60 longitude = float(longitude or 0.0)
61 altitude = float(altitude or 0.0)
~/.local/share/virtualenvs/exemption_project-xI6bzvA1/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pandas/core/generic.py in __nonzero__(self)
1476 raise ValueError("The truth value of a {0} is ambiguous. "
1477 "Use a.empty, a.bool(), a.item(), a.any() or a.all()."
-> 1478 .format(self.__class__.__name__))
1479
1480 __bool__ = __nonzero__
ValueError: The truth value of a Series is ambiguous. Use a.empty, a.bool(), a.item(), a.any() or a.all().
答案 0 :(得分：1)
从回溯中可以明显看出，<?php
return [
/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Mail Driver
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| Laravel supports both SMTP and PHP's "mail" function as drivers for the
| sending of e-mail. You may specify which one you're using throughout
| your application here. By default, Laravel is setup for SMTP mail.
|
| Supported: "smtp", "sendmail", "mailgun", "mandrill", "ses",
| "sparkpost", "log", "array"
|
*/
'driver' => env('MAIL_DRIVER', 'smtp'),
/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| SMTP Host Address
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| Here you may provide the host address of the SMTP server used by your
| applications. A default option is provided that is compatible with
| the Mailgun mail service which will provide reliable deliveries.
|
*/
'host' => env('MAIL_HOST', 'smtp.gmail.com'),
/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| SMTP Host Port
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| This is the SMTP port used by your application to deliver e-mails to
| users of the application. Like the host we have set this value to
| stay compatible with the Mailgun e-mail application by default.
|
*/
'port' => env('MAIL_PORT', 587),
/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Global "From" Address
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| You may wish for all e-mails sent by your application to be sent from
| the same address. Here, you may specify a name and address that is
| used globally for all e-mails that are sent by your application.
|
*/
'from' => [
'address' => env('MAIL_FROM_ADDRESS', 'hicham.braima@gmail.com'),
'name' => env('MAIL_FROM_NAME', 'PMT Admin'),
],
/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| E-Mail Encryption Protocol
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| Here you may specify the encryption protocol that should be used when
| the application send e-mail messages. A sensible default using the
| transport layer security protocol should provide great security.
|
*/
'encryption' => env('MAIL_ENCRYPTION', 'tls'),
/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| SMTP Server Username
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| If your SMTP server requires a username for authentication, you should
| set it here. This will get used to authenticate with your server on
| connection. You may also set the "password" value below this one.
|
*/
'username' => env('MAIL_USERNAME'),
'password' => env('MAIL_PASSWORD'),
/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Sendmail System Path
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| When using the "sendmail" driver to send e-mails, we will need to know
| the path to where Sendmail lives on this server. A default path has
| been provided here, which will work well on most of your systems.
|
*/
'sendmail' => '/usr/sbin/sendmail -bs',
/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Markdown Mail Settings
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| If you are using Markdown based email rendering, you may configure your
| theme and component paths here, allowing you to customize the design
| of the emails. Or, you may simply stick with the Laravel defaults!
|
*/
'markdown' => [
'theme' => 'default',
'paths' => [
resource_path('views/vendor/mail'),
],
],
/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Log Channel
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| If you are using the "log" driver, you may specify the logging channel
| if you prefer to keep mail messages separate from other log entries
| for simpler reading. Otherwise, the default channel will be used.
|
*/
'log_channel' => env('MAIL_LOG_CHANNEL'),
];
在内部调用的distance函数中正在引发错误。这使我相信，当函数要使用标量数据时，您正在传递Series对象。
请参见Truth value of a Series is ambiguous. Use a.empty, a.bool(), a.item(), a.any() or a.all()中的讨论，其中在pandas Series上使用python逻辑运算符会导致相同的错误。
对于您而言，解决方案是遍历数据，然后一次将每一组坐标传递给您的函数。
is_proximal