尝试使用类，但Kivy出现NoneType错误

Question

我正在尝试使用Python和Kivy构建我的第一款游戏。我已经使用Kivy：s Pong游戏教程作为我的游戏https://kivy.org/doc/stable/tutorials/pong.html的基础，但确实使我的飞船（png文件）在背景上移动了。然后，我按照按钮https://youtu.be/CYNWK2GpwgA上的Sentex指南进行操作，并尝试将我的游戏移至菜单系统。

现在我的游戏无法正常工作。我得到：AttributeError：当我尝试移动船舶时，“ NoneType”对象没有属性“ center_x”。

我试图追溯问题并了解正在发生的事情。起初我以为错误是因为该船是一个NoneType对象，但是当我使用.self时。我使用类SpaceGame_TheGame吗？当我在本身的类中使用它时，怎么可能是NoneType？

（我是编程新手，还是论坛新手，我正在尽力而为，但我想代码和帖子对您来说都是废话……）

感谢您的帮助！

from kivy.app import App
from kivy.uix.widget import Widget
from kivy.properties import ObjectProperty #Want my ship to be an object (right?)
from kivy.uix.screenmanager import ScreenManager, Screen, FadeTransition #For menu system
from kivy.lang import Builder



#The different screens
class MainScreen(Screen):
    pass
class SpaceGame(Screen):
    pass
class Installningar(Screen):
    pass
class ScreenManagement(ScreenManager):
    pass


# The game
class SpaceShip(Widget): #The ship is a class
    pass


class SpaceGame_TheGame(Widget):
    player = ObjectProperty(None) #I want the ship to be an object that can get hit and stuff

    def on_touch_move(self,touch): #For movement
       pass
       self.player.center_x = touch.x
       self.player.center_y = touch.y


#Start up stuff
presentation = Builder.load_file("space.kv") #Presentation är bara ett namn på detta som han valde
class MainApp(App):
    def build(self):
        return presentation

if __name__ == '__main__':
    MainApp().run()

#: kivy 1.10.1
#: import FadeTransition kivy.uix.screenmanager.FadeTransition
#: import Window kivy.core.window


ScreenManagement:
    transition: FadeTransition()
    MainScreen:
    SpaceGame:
    Installningar:

<Button>:
    font_size: 20
    color: 0,1,0,1
    size_hint: 0.2, 0.15

<MainScreen>:
    name: "main"
    Button:
        on_release: app.root.current = "spacegame"
        text: "Start the game!"
        font_size: 20
        pos_hint: {"center_x": 0.5, 'center_y':0.7}

    Button:
        on_release: app.root.current = "installningar"
        text: "Settings"
        font_size: 20
        pos_hint: {"center_x": 0.5, 'center_y':0.5}

    Button:
        on_release: quit()
        text: "Quit"
        font_size: 20
        pos_hint: {"center_x": 0.5, 'center_y':0.3}


<SpaceShip>:
    canvas:
        Rectangle:
            size: 45,45
            pos: self.pos
            source: 'rymdskepp.png'


<SpaceGame>:
    name: "spacegame"
    player: space_ship

    canvas:
        Rectangle:
            pos: self.pos
            size: self.size
            source: 'bakgrund.jpg'


    FloatLayout:
        SpaceShip:
            id: space_ship
            x: root.x
            center_y: root.center_y


        SpaceGame_TheGame
            id: spacegame_thegame # an id for referring to this widget

        Button:
            text: "Back"
            pos_hint: {"right": 1, 'top':1}
            on_release: app.root.current = "main"


<Installningar>:
    name: "installningar"


    FloatLayout:
        Button:
            text: "Back"
            pos_hint: {"right": 1, 'top':1}
            on_release: app.root.current = "main"

[INFO   ] [Logger      ] Record log in C:\Users\fredr\.kivy\logs\kivy_19-06-13_28.txt
[INFO   ] [Kivy        ] v1.10.1
[INFO   ] [Python      ] v3.7.3 (v3.7.3:ef4ec6ed12, Mar 25 2019, 22:22:05) [MSC v.1916 64 bit (AMD64)]
[INFO   ] [Factory     ] 194 symbols loaded
[INFO   ] [Image       ] Providers: img_tex, img_dds, img_sdl2, img_gif (img_pil, img_ffpyplayer ignored)
[INFO   ] [Window      ] Provider: sdl2
[INFO   ] [GL          ] Using the "OpenGL" graphics system
[INFO   ] [GL          ] GLEW initialization succeeded
[INFO   ] [GL          ] Backend used <glew>
[INFO   ] [GL          ] OpenGL version <b'4.6.0 NVIDIA 388.13'>
[INFO   ] [GL          ] OpenGL vendor <b'NVIDIA Corporation'>
[INFO   ] [GL          ] OpenGL renderer <b'GeForce GTX 980 Ti/PCIe/SSE2'>
[INFO   ] [GL          ] OpenGL parsed version: 4, 6
[INFO   ] [GL          ] Shading version <b'4.60 NVIDIA'>
[INFO   ] [GL          ] Texture max size <16384>
[INFO   ] [GL          ] Texture max units <32>
[INFO   ] [Window      ] auto add sdl2 input provider
[INFO   ] [Window      ] virtual keyboard not allowed, single mode, not docked
[INFO   ] [Text        ] Provider: sdl2
[INFO   ] [GL          ] NPOT texture support is available
[INFO   ] [Base        ] Start application main loop
[INFO   ] [Base        ] Leaving application in progress...
 Traceback (most recent call last):
   File "C:/Users/fredr/OneDrive - Nyköpings Enskilda Gymnasium/Matematik/Programmering/Blandat/Kivy/Mitt spel 2/main.py", line 42, in <module>
     MainApp().run()
   File "C:\Users\fredr\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\kivy\app.py", line 826, in run
     runTouchApp()
   File "C:\Users\fredr\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\kivy\base.py", line 502, in runTouchApp
     EventLoop.window.mainloop()
   File "C:\Users\fredr\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\kivy\core\window\window_sdl2.py", line 727, in mainloop
     self._mainloop()
   File "C:\Users\fredr\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\kivy\core\window\window_sdl2.py", line 460, in _mainloop
     EventLoop.idle()
   File "C:\Users\fredr\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\kivy\base.py", line 340, in idle
     self.dispatch_input()
   File "C:\Users\fredr\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\kivy\base.py", line 325, in dispatch_input
     post_dispatch_input(*pop(0))
   File "C:\Users\fredr\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\kivy\base.py", line 231, in post_dispatch_input
     listener.dispatch('on_motion', etype, me)
   File "kivy\_event.pyx", line 707, in kivy._event.EventDispatcher.dispatch
   File "C:\Users\fredr\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\kivy\core\window\__init__.py", line 1362, in on_motion
     self.dispatch('on_touch_move', me)
   File "kivy\_event.pyx", line 707, in kivy._event.EventDispatcher.dispatch
   File "C:\Users\fredr\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\kivy\core\window\__init__.py", line 1388, in on_touch_move
     if w.dispatch('on_touch_move', touch):
   File "kivy\_event.pyx", line 707, in kivy._event.EventDispatcher.dispatch
   File "C:\Users\fredr\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\kivy\uix\screenmanager.py", line 1196, in on_touch_move
     return super(ScreenManager, self).on_touch_move(touch)
   File "C:\Users\fredr\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\kivy\uix\widget.py", line 471, in on_touch_move
     if child.dispatch('on_touch_move', touch):
   File "kivy\_event.pyx", line 707, in kivy._event.EventDispatcher.dispatch
   File "C:\Users\fredr\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\kivy\uix\relativelayout.py", line 296, in on_touch_move
     ret = super(RelativeLayout, self).on_touch_move(touch)
   File "C:\Users\fredr\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\kivy\uix\widget.py", line 471, in on_touch_move
     if child.dispatch('on_touch_move', touch):
   File "kivy\_event.pyx", line 707, in kivy._event.EventDispatcher.dispatch
   File "C:\Users\fredr\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\kivy\uix\widget.py", line 471, in on_touch_move
     if child.dispatch('on_touch_move', touch):
   File "kivy\_event.pyx", line 707, in kivy._event.EventDispatcher.dispatch
   File "C:/Users/fredr/OneDrive - Nyköpings Enskilda Gymnasium/Matematik/Programmering/Blandat/Kivy/Mitt spel 2/main.py", line 29, in on_touch_move
     self.player.center_x = touch.x
 AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'center_x'

Process finished with exit code 1

I want my ship to move and don't get the error message...

Answer 1

问题-AttributeError

     self.player.center_x = touch.x
 AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'center_x'

根本原因

player被定义为ObjectProperty，并在类None中初始化为SpaceGame_TheGame(Widget)。此属性 NOT 已更新，以保存SpaceShip引用的id: space_ship的实例。

因此，当您的应用尝试通过center_x检索player时，它引发了错误，即NoneType对象。

注意

在您的Kivy应用中，有两个唯一的ObjectProperty，名称为player。在类SpaceGame_TheGame(Widget)中声明了一个。另一个由Kivy自动创建，并添加到Screen小部件SpaceGame 中，因为该小部件没有具有给定名称player的属性。

解决方案

kv文件

• 将player: space_ship从类规则<SpaceGame>:移至实例化对象SpaceGame_TheGame:

摘要-kv文件

<SpaceGame>:
    name: "spacegame"

    canvas:
        Rectangle:
            pos: self.pos
            size: self.size
            source: 'bakgrund.jpg'
    ...

        SpaceGame_TheGame:
            id: spacegame_thegame # an id for referring to this widget
            player: space_ship

py文件

• 在on_touch_move()方法中，将self.player.center_x = touch.x和self.player.center_y = touch.y替换为self.player.pos = touch.pos

代码段-py文件

class SpaceGame_TheGame(Widget):
    player = ObjectProperty(None)

    def on_touch_move(self, touch):
        self.player.pos = touch.pos

输出