我有一个__slots__
的班级:
class A:
__slots__ = ('foo',)
如果我创建一个未指定__slots__
的子类,则该子类将具有一个__dict__
:
class B(A):
pass
print('__dict__' in dir(B)) # True
是否有任何方法可以防止B
拥有__dict__
而不必设置__slots__ = ()
?
答案 0 :(得分:4)
@AKX的答案几乎是正确的。我认为__prepare__
和元类确实是很容易解决的方法。
回顾一下:
__slots__
键,则该类将使用__slots__
而不是__dict__
。__prepare__
在类主体执行之前,将名称插入类 中的名称空间。因此,如果我们简单地从'__slots__'
返回包含键__prepare__
的字典,则该类将(如果在评估类主体期间未再次删除'__slots__'
键)使用__slots__
而不是__dict__
。
因为__prepare__
仅提供了初始名称空间,所以可以轻松地覆盖__slots__
或在类主体中再次将其删除。
因此默认情况下提供__slots__
的元类看起来像这样:
class ForceSlots(type):
@classmethod
def __prepare__(metaclass, name, bases, **kwds):
# calling super is not strictly necessary because
# type.__prepare() simply returns an empty dict.
# But if you plan to use metaclass-mixins then this is essential!
super_prepared = super().__prepare__(metaclass, name, bases, **kwds)
super_prepared['__slots__'] = ()
return super_prepared
因此,具有该元类的每个类和子类(默认情况下)在其名称空间中都将有一个空的__slots__
,从而创建一个“带有槽的类”(除非__slots__
被有意删除)。
仅说明其工作方式:
class A(metaclass=ForceSlots):
__slots__ = "a",
class B(A): # no __dict__ even if slots are not defined explicitly
pass
class C(A): # no __dict__, but provides additional __slots__
__slots__ = "c",
class D(A): # creates normal __dict__-based class because __slots__ was removed
del __slots__
class E(A): # has a __dict__ because we added it to __slots__
__slots__ = "__dict__",
哪个通过了AKZ答案中提到的测试:
assert "__dict__" not in dir(A)
assert "__dict__" not in dir(B)
assert "__dict__" not in dir(C)
assert "__dict__" in dir(D)
assert "__dict__" in dir(E)
并验证其是否按预期工作:
# A has slots from A: a
a = A()
a.a = 1
a.b = 1 # AttributeError: 'A' object has no attribute 'b'
# B has slots from A: a
b = B()
b.a = 1
b.b = 1 # AttributeError: 'B' object has no attribute 'b'
# C has the slots from A and C: a and c
c = C()
c.a = 1
c.b = 1 # AttributeError: 'C' object has no attribute 'b'
c.c = 1
# D has a dict and allows any attribute name
d = D()
d.a = 1
d.b = 1
d.c = 1
# E has a dict and allows any attribute name
e = E()
e.a = 1
e.b = 1
e.c = 1
(在Aran-Fey中,评论中指出)del __slots__
与将__dict__
添加到__slots__
之间是有区别的:
这两个选项之间有微小的区别:
del __slots__
不仅会给您的班级一个__dict__
,还会给一个__weakref__
位置。
答案 1 :(得分:0)
这样的元类和the __prepare__()
hook怎么样?
import sys
class InheritSlots(type):
def __prepare__(name, bases, **kwds):
# this could combine slots from bases, I guess, and walk the base hierarchy, etc
for base in bases:
if base.__slots__:
kwds["__slots__"] = base.__slots__
break
return kwds
class A(metaclass=InheritSlots):
__slots__ = ("foo", "bar", "quux")
class B(A):
pass
assert A.__slots__
assert B.__slots__ == A.__slots__
assert "__dict__" not in dir(A)
assert "__dict__" not in dir(B)
print(sys.getsizeof(A()))
print(sys.getsizeof(B()))
出于某种原因,这仍然会打印64, 88
–继承类的实例可能总是比基类本身重一点?