为什么使用QuantifiedConstraints指定类型类的子类也需要该子类的实例?

时间:2019-06-13 04:36:26

标签: haskell quantified-constraints

我正在玩Free的多种类无标签编码

{-# LANGUAGE PolyKinds #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeSynonymInstances #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies #-}
{-# LANGUAGE Rank2Types #-}
{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleInstances #-}
{-# LANGUAGE ConstraintKinds #-}
{-# LANGUAGE QuantifiedConstraints #-}
{-# LANGUAGE UndecidableInstances #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeOperators #-}
module Free where
import GHC.Types

type (a :: k) ~> (b :: k) = Morphism k a b

newtype Natural (f :: j -> k) (g :: j -> k) = 
  Natural { getNatural :: forall (x :: j). f x ~> g x }

type family Morphism k :: k -> k -> Type where
  Morphism Type = (->)
  Morphism (j -> k) = Natural

class DataKind k where
  data Free :: (k -> Constraint) -> k -> k
  interpret :: forall (cls :: k -> Constraint) (u :: k) (v :: k). 
               cls v => (u ~> v) -> (Free cls u ~> v)
  call :: forall (cls :: k -> Constraint) (u :: k). 
          u ~> Free cls u

instance DataKind Type where
  newtype Free cls u = Free0
    { runFree0 :: forall v. cls v => (u ~> v) -> v }
  interpret f = \(Free0 g) -> g f
  call = \u -> Free0 $ \f -> f u

我可以为SemigroupFree Semigroup编写Free Monoid个实例,而不会出现问题:

instance Semigroup (Free Semigroup u) where
  Free0 g <> Free0 g' = Free0 $ \f -> g f <> g' f

instance Semigroup (Free Monoid u) where
  Free0 g <> Free0 g' = Free0 $ \f -> g f <> g' f

这些实例是相同的,并且将用于Semigroup的任何其他子类。

我想使用QuantifiedConstraints,所以我可以为Semigroup的所有子类编写一个实例:

instance (forall v. cls v => Semigroup v) => Semigroup (Free cls u) where
  Free0 g <> Free0 g' = Free0 $ \f -> g f <> g' f

但是编译器(GHC-8.6.3)抱怨无法推断cls (Free cls u)

Free.hs:57:10: error:
    • Could not deduce: cls (Free cls u)
        arising from a use of ‘GHC.Base.$dmsconcat’
      from the context: forall v. cls v => Semigroup v
        bound by the instance declaration at Free.hs:57:10-67
    • In the expression: GHC.Base.$dmsconcat @(Free cls u)
      In an equation for ‘GHC.Base.sconcat’:
          GHC.Base.sconcat = GHC.Base.$dmsconcat @(Free cls u)
      In the instance declaration for ‘Semigroup (Free cls u)’
    • Relevant bindings include
        sconcat :: GHC.Base.NonEmpty (Free cls u) -> Free cls u
          (bound at Free.hs:57:10)
   |
57 | instance (forall v. cls v => Semigroup v) => Semigroup (Free cls u) where
   |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Free.hs:57:10: error:
    • Could not deduce: cls (Free cls u)
        arising from a use of ‘GHC.Base.$dmstimes’
      from the context: forall v. cls v => Semigroup v
        bound by the instance declaration at Free.hs:57:10-67
      or from: Integral b
        bound by the type signature for:
                   GHC.Base.stimes :: forall b.
                                      Integral b =>
                                      b -> Free cls u -> Free cls u
        at Free.hs:57:10-67
    • In the expression: GHC.Base.$dmstimes @(Free cls u)
      In an equation for ‘GHC.Base.stimes’:
          GHC.Base.stimes = GHC.Base.$dmstimes @(Free cls u)
      In the instance declaration for ‘Semigroup (Free cls u)’
    • Relevant bindings include
        stimes :: b -> Free cls u -> Free cls u (bound at Free.hs:57:10)
   |
57 | instance (forall v. cls v => Semigroup v) => Semigroup (Free cls u) where
   |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

当我将其添加为实例的上下文时,它可以正常编译:

instance (cls (Free cls u), forall v. cls v => Semigroup v) => Semigroup (Free cls u) where
  Free0 g <> Free0 g' = Free0 $ \f -> g f <> g' f

添加的上下文有些冗长,但是由于Free的全部要点是cls (Free cls u)始终是真实的,因此不会繁琐。

我不明白的是为什么 GHC需要能够为cls (Free cls u)实例的Semigroup子类得出Semigroup进行编译。我尝试用(<>)替换undefined的定义,并得到了相同的错误,所以我认为问题不在于实现本身,而在于实例的声明。可能是由于QuantifiedConstraints的某些方面我不了解。

1 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:6)

错误消息指出这些错误来自sconcatstimes的默认定义。量化的上下文就像instance一样:在您的instance Semigroup (Free cls v)中,好像范围是instance cls v => Semigroup vinstance是通过匹配选择的。 sconcatstimes想要Semigroup (Free cls v),因此它们根据上下文instance forall z. cls z => Semigroup z匹配了想要的东西,以z ~ Free cls v成功,并进一步得到了{{1} }。即使我们还有一个递归cls (Free cls v),也会发生这种情况。记住,我们假设类型类实例是连贯的。使用量化上下文还是使用当前定义的实例应该没有什么区别,因此GHC只会选择感觉上要使用的任何实例。

但是,这不是一个好情况。量化上下文与我们的实例重叠(实际上,它与每个 instance _etc => Semigroup (Free cls v)实例重叠),这令人震惊。如果您尝试使用类似Semigroup的方法,则会得到类似的错误,因为量化的上下文使库中的真实(<>) = const (Free0 _etc) ([1, 2] <> [3, 4])黯然失色。我认为,包括issue 14877的一些想法可以减轻这种困扰:

instance Semigroup [a]

在这里使用class (a => b) => Implies a b instance (a => b) => Implies a b instance (forall v. cls v `Implies` Semigroup v) => Semigroup (Free cls u) where Free0 g <> Free0 g' = Free0 $ \f -> g f <> g' f 意味着量化的上下文不再与Implies的需求匹配,而是通过递归释放。但是,约束背后的要求没有改变。本质上,我们保留量化约束的要求片段,对于用户来说,Semigroup (Free cls v)应该由Semigroup v隐含,同时为了实现而对排放片段打上安全性,因此它不会修改我们的约束解决方案。 cls v约束仍然可以并且必须用于证明Implies中的Semigroup v约束,但是在用尽明确的(<>)实例后,它被认为是最后的手段。 / p>