我们在生产环境中部署了全局Apache Cassandra集群（节点：12，RF：3，版本：3.11.2）。我们遇到了一个问题，即即使元数据信息显示了在表上设置的gc_grace_seconds传递的最小时间戳，对列族进行大型压缩也无法从一个节点（3个副本中）清除逻辑删除。
这是稳定的元数据输出
SSTable: mc-4302-big
Partitioner: org.apache.cassandra.dht.Murmur3Partitioner
Bloom Filter FP chance: 0.010000
Minimum timestamp: 1
Maximum timestamp: 1560326019515476
SSTable min local deletion time: 1560233203
SSTable max local deletion time: 2147483647
Compressor: org.apache.cassandra.io.compress.LZ4Compressor
Compression ratio: 0.8808303792058351
TTL min: 0
TTL max: 0
First token: -9201661616334346390 (key=bca773eb-ecbb-49ec-9330-cc16da310b58:::)
Last token: 9117719078924671254 (key=7c23b975-5354-4c82-82e5-1762bac75a8d:::)
minClustringValues: [00000f8f-74a9-4ce3-9d87-0a4dabef30c1]
maxClustringValues: [ffffc966-a02c-4e1f-bdd1-256556624288]
Estimated droppable tombstones: 46.31761624099541
SSTable Level: 0
Repaired at: 0
Replay positions covered: {}
totalColumnsSet: 0
totalRows: 618382
Estimated tombstone drop times:
1560233680: 353
1560234658: 237
1560235604: 176
1560236803: 471
1560237652: 402
1560238342: 195
1560239166: 373
1560239969: 356
1560240586: 262
1560241207: 247
1560242037: 387
1560242847: 357
1560243742: 280
1560244469: 283
1560245095: 353
1560245957: 357
1560246773: 362
1560247956: 449
1560249034: 217
1560249849: 310
1560251080: 296
1560251984: 304
1560252993: 239
1560253907: 407
1560254839: 977
1560255761: 671
1560256486: 317
1560257199: 679
1560258020: 703
1560258795: 507
1560259378: 298
1560260093: 2302
1560260869: 2488
1560261535: 2818
1560262176: 2842
1560262981: 1685
1560263708: 1830
1560264308: 808
1560264941: 1990
1560265753: 1340
1560266708: 2174
1560267629: 2253
1560268400: 1627
1560269174: 2347
1560270019: 2579
1560270888: 3947
1560271690: 1727
1560272446: 2573
1560273249: 1523
1560274086: 3438
1560275149: 2737
1560275966: 3487
1560276814: 4101
1560277660: 2012
1560278617: 1198
1560279680: 769
1560280441: 1337
1560281033: 608
1560281876: 2065
1560282546: 2926
1560283128: 6305
1560283836: 824
1560284574: 71
1560285166: 140
1560285828: 118
1560286404: 83
1560295835: 72
1560296951: 456
1560297814: 670
1560298496: 271
1560299333: 473
1560300159: 284
1560300831: 127
1560301551: 536
1560302309: 425
1560303302: 860
1560304064: 465
1560304782: 319
1560305657: 323
1560306552: 236
1560307454: 368
1560308409: 320
1560309178: 210
1560310091: 177
1560310881: 85
1560311970: 147
1560312706: 76
1560313495: 88
1560314847: 687
1560315817: 1618
1560316544: 1245
1560317423: 5361
1560318491: 2060
1560319595: 5853
1560320587: 5390
1560321473: 3868
1560322644: 5784
1560323703: 6861
1560324838: 7200
1560325744: 5642
Count Row Size Cell Count
1 0 3054
2 0 0
3 0 0
4 0 0
5 0 0
6 0 0
7 0 0
8 0 0
10 0 0
12 0 0
14 0 0
17 0 0
20 0 0
24 0 0
29 0 0
35 0 0
42 0 0
50 0 0
60 98 0
72 49 0
86 46 0
103 2374 0
124 39 0
149 36 0
179 43 0
215 18 0
258 26 0
310 24 0
372 18 0
446 16 0
535 19 0
642 27 0
770 17 0
924 12 0
1109 14 0
1331 23 0
1597 20 0
1916 12 0
2299 11 0
2759 11 0
3311 11 0
3973 12 0
4768 5 0
5722 8 0
6866 5 0
8239 5 0
9887 6 0
11864 5 0
14237 10 0
17084 1 0
20501 8 0
24601 2 0
29521 2 0
35425 3 0
42510 2 0
51012 2 0
61214 1 0
73457 2 0
88148 3 0
105778 0 0
126934 3 0
152321 2 0
182785 1 0
219342 0 0
263210 0 0
315852 0 0
379022 0 0
454826 0 0
545791 0 0
654949 0 0
785939 0 0
943127 0 0
1131752 0 0
1358102 0 0
1629722 0 0
1955666 0 0
2346799 0 0
2816159 0 0
3379391 1 0
4055269 0 0
4866323 0 0
5839588 0 0
7007506 0 0
8409007 0 0
10090808 1 0
12108970 0 0
14530764 0 0
17436917 0 0
20924300 0 0
25109160 0 0
30130992 0 0
36157190 0 0
43388628 0 0
52066354 0 0
62479625 0 0
74975550 0 0
89970660 0 0
107964792 0 0
129557750 0 0
155469300 0 0
186563160 0 0
223875792 0 0
268650950 0 0
322381140 0 0
386857368 0 0
464228842 0 0
557074610 0 0
668489532 0 0
802187438 0 0
962624926 0 0
1155149911 0 0
1386179893 0 0
1663415872 0 0
1996099046 0 0
2395318855 0 0
2874382626 0
3449259151 0
4139110981 0
4966933177 0
5960319812 0
7152383774 0
8582860529 0
10299432635 0
12359319162 0
14831182994 0
17797419593 0
21356903512 0
25628284214 0
30753941057 0
36904729268 0
44285675122 0
53142810146 0
63771372175 0
76525646610 0
91830775932 0
110196931118 0
132236317342 0
158683580810 0
190420296972 0
228504356366 0
274205227639 0
329046273167 0
394855527800 0
473826633360 0
568591960032 0
682310352038 0
818772422446 0
982526906935 0
1179032288322 0
1414838745986 0
Estimated cardinality: 3054
EncodingStats minTTL: 0
EncodingStats minLocalDeletionTime: 1560233203
EncodingStats minTimestamp: 1
KeyType: org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.CompositeType(org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.UTF8Type,org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.UTF8Type,org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.UTF8Type,org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.UTF8Type)
ClusteringTypes: [org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.UUIDType]
StaticColumns: {}
RegularColumns: {}
到目前为止，这是我们尝试过的， 1）使用较低的gc_grace_seconds进行重大压缩 2）nodetool垃圾回收 3）nodetool清理
以上方法均无济于事。同样，这仅发生于一个节点（总共3个副本）
答案 0 :(得分：2)
在大夯实过程中生成的墓碑标记就是这些标记。数据已被删除，但是删除标记保留在原处，以便其他副本也可以具有gc_grace_seconds来处理它们。下次压缩SSTable时，墓碑标记将完全删除。不幸的是，由于您已经进行了一次大型压缩（很少建议这样做），因此可能需要很长时间才能找到合适的SSTable进行压缩以清理墓碑。请记住，逻辑删除仅也会在表定义的local_delete_time + gc_grace_seconds之后发生。
如果您想了解有关删除操作上下文中逻辑删除和压缩如何协同工作的更多信息，建议阅读以下文章：
https://docs.datastax.com/en/archived/cassandra/3.0/cassandra/dml/dmlAboutDeletes.html https://thelastpickle.com/blog/2016/07/27/about-deletes-and-tombstones.html