中点粗椭圆绘制算法

时间:2019-05-04 07:10:58

标签: c++ algorithm math graphics

我真的很接近使粗略的椭圆算法起作用,但是我有点麻烦。我采用了here的中点粗圆算法和here的中点椭圆算法,并且试图将它们组合在一起以得到中点粗椭圆算法。我这样做是因为谷歌搜索“中点粗椭圆算法”没有显示我在寻找什么。我的尝试输出类似于一个粗圆圈(图像在帖子的底部)。

这是图像代码(只是一个占位符):

struct Point {
  int x, y;
};

struct Image {};
using Color = int;

void setPixel(Image &, Color, Point) {
  // ...
}

void horiLine(Image &image, Color color, Point first, int last) {
  while (first.x <= last) {
    setPixel(image, color, first);
    first.x++;
  }
}

void vertLine(Image &image, Color color, Point first, int last) {
  while (first.y <= last) {
    setPixel(image, color, first);
    first.y++;
  }
}

这是中点粗圆算法:

void midpointCircleThick(
  Image &image,
  Color color,
  Point center,
  int innerRadius,
  int outerRadius
) {
  int innerX = innerRadius;
  int outerX = outerRadius;
  int posY = 0;
  int innerErr = 1 - innerRadius;
  int outerErr = 1 - outerRadius;

  while (outerX >= posY) {
    horiLine(image, color, {center.x + innerX, center.y + posY},   center.x + outerX);
    vertLine(image, color, {center.x + posY,   center.y + innerX}, center.y + outerX);
    horiLine(image, color, {center.x - outerX, center.y + posY},   center.x - innerX);
    vertLine(image, color, {center.x - posY,   center.y + innerX}, center.y + outerX);

    horiLine(image, color, {center.x - outerX, center.y - posY},   center.x - innerX);
    vertLine(image, color, {center.x - posY,   center.y - outerX}, center.y - innerX);
    horiLine(image, color, {center.x + innerX, center.y - posY},   center.x + outerX);
    vertLine(image, color, {center.x + posY,   center.y - outerX}, center.y - innerX);

    posY++;

    if (outerErr < 0) {
      outerErr += 2 * posY + 1;
    } else {
      outerX--;
      outerErr += 2 * (posY - outerX) + 1;
    }

    if (posY > innerRadius) {
      innerX = posY;
    } else {
      if (innerErr < 0) {
        innerErr += 2 * posY + 1;
      } else {
        innerX--;
        innerErr += 2 * (posY - innerX) + 1;
      }
    }
  }
}

这是中点椭圆算法:

void midpointEllipse(
  Image &image,
  Color color,
  Point center,
  Point radius
) {
  Point pos = {radius.x, 0};
  Point delta = {
    2 * radius.y * radius.y * pos.x,
    2 * radius.x * radius.x * pos.y
  };
  int err = radius.x * radius.x
          - radius.y * radius.y * radius.x
          + (radius.y * radius.y) / 4;

  while (delta.y < delta.x) {
    setPixel(image, color, {center.x + pos.x, center.y + pos.y});
    setPixel(image, color, {center.x + pos.x, center.y - pos.y});
    setPixel(image, color, {center.x - pos.x, center.y + pos.y});
    setPixel(image, color, {center.x - pos.x, center.y - pos.y});

    pos.y++;

    if (err < 0) {
      delta.y += 2 * radius.x * radius.x;
      err += delta.y + radius.x * radius.x;
    } else {
      pos.x--;
      delta.y += 2 * radius.x * radius.x;
      delta.x -= 2 * radius.y * radius.y;
      err += delta.y - delta.x + radius.x * radius.x;
    }
  }

  err = radius.x * radius.x * (pos.y * pos.y + pos.y)
      + radius.y * radius.y * (pos.x - 1) * (pos.x - 1)
      - radius.y * radius.y * radius.x * radius.x;

  while (pos.x >= 0) {
    setPixel(image, color, {center.x + pos.x, center.y + pos.y});
    setPixel(image, color, {center.x + pos.x, center.y - pos.y});
    setPixel(image, color, {center.x - pos.x, center.y + pos.y});
    setPixel(image, color, {center.x - pos.x, center.y - pos.y});

    pos.x--;

    if (err > 0) {
      delta.x -= 2 * radius.y * radius.y;
      err += radius.y * radius.y - delta.x;
    } else {
      pos.y++;
      delta.y += 2 * radius.x * radius.x;
      delta.x -= 2 * radius.y * radius.y;
      err += delta.y - delta.x + radius.y * radius.y;
    }
  }
}

我试图将两种算法结合在一起,这就是我到目前为止所掌握的。我留下了一些不确定代码的?。我很清楚这里的混乱和重复。我只想让它正常工作,然后再担心代码是什么样子。

void midpointEllipseThick(
  Image &image,
  Color color,
  Point center,
  Point innerRadius,
  Point outerRadius
) {
  int innerX = innerRadius.x;
  int outerX = outerRadius.x;
  int posY = 0;
  Point innerDelta = {
    2 * innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y * innerX,
    2 * innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x * posY
  };
  Point outerDelta = {
    2 * outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y * outerX,
    2 * outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x * posY
  };
  int innerErr = innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x
               - innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y * innerRadius.x
               + (innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y) / 4;
  int outerErr = outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x
               - outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y * outerRadius.x
               + (outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y) / 4;

  while (outerDelta.y < outerDelta.x) { // ?
    horiLine(image, color, {center.x + innerX, center.y + posY},   center.x + outerX);
    vertLine(image, color, {center.x + posY,   center.y + innerX}, center.y + outerX);
    horiLine(image, color, {center.x - outerX, center.y + posY},   center.x - innerX);
    vertLine(image, color, {center.x - posY,   center.y + innerX}, center.y + outerX);

    horiLine(image, color, {center.x - outerX, center.y - posY},   center.x - innerX);
    vertLine(image, color, {center.x - posY,   center.y - outerX}, center.y - innerX);
    horiLine(image, color, {center.x + innerX, center.y - posY},   center.x + outerX);
    vertLine(image, color, {center.x + posY,   center.y - outerX}, center.y - innerX);

    posY++;

    if (outerErr < 0) {
      outerDelta.y += 2 * outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x;
      outerErr += outerDelta.y + outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x;
    } else {
      outerX--;
      outerDelta.y += 2 * outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x;
      outerDelta.x -= 2 * outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y;
      outerErr += outerDelta.y - outerDelta.x + outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x;
    }

    // ?
    // if (posY > innerRadius.y) {
    //   innerX = posY;
    // } else {
      if (innerErr < 0) {
        innerDelta.y += 2 * innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x;
        innerErr += innerDelta.y + innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x;
      } else {
        innerX--;
        innerDelta.y += 2 * innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x;
        innerDelta.x -= 2 * innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y;
        innerErr += innerDelta.y - innerDelta.x + innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x;
      }
    // }
  }

  innerErr = innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x * (posY * posY + posY)
           + innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y * (innerX - 1) * (innerX - 1)
           - innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y * innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x;
  outerErr = outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x * (posY * posY + posY)
           + outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y * (outerX - 1) * (outerX - 1)
           - outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y * outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x;

  while (outerX >= 0) { // ?
    horiLine(image, color, {center.x + innerX, center.y + posY},   center.x + outerX);
    vertLine(image, color, {center.x + posY,   center.y + innerX}, center.y + outerX);
    horiLine(image, color, {center.x - outerX, center.y + posY},   center.x - innerX);
    vertLine(image, color, {center.x - posY,   center.y + innerX}, center.y + outerX);

    horiLine(image, color, {center.x - outerX, center.y - posY},   center.x - innerX);
    vertLine(image, color, {center.x - posY,   center.y - outerX}, center.y - innerX);
    horiLine(image, color, {center.x + innerX, center.y - posY},   center.x + outerX);
    vertLine(image, color, {center.x + posY,   center.y - outerX}, center.y - innerX);

    outerX--; // ?
    innerX--;

    if (outerErr > 0) {
      outerDelta.x -= 2 * outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y;
      outerErr += outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y - outerDelta.x;
    } else {
      posY++;
      outerDelta.y += 2 * outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x;
      outerDelta.x -= 2 * outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y;
      outerErr += outerDelta.y - outerDelta.x + outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y;
    }

    // ?
    // if (innerX < -innerRadius.x) {

    // } else {
      if (outerErr > 0) {
        innerDelta.x -= 2 * innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y;
        innerErr += innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y - innerDelta.x;
      } else {
        posY++;
        innerDelta.y += 2 * innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x;
        innerDelta.x -= 2 * innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y;
        outerErr += innerDelta.y - innerDelta.x + innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y;
      }
    // }
  }
}

这是一个innerRadius = 22; outerRadius = 24的粗圆圈:

Thick circle

这里是radius = {32, 24}的椭圆:

Ellipse

(假设是)带有innerRadius = {30, 22}; outerRadius = {32, 24}的粗椭圆:

Thick ellipse

我已经接近了,但还没到那儿。谁能比我更了解这些东西?

2 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:8)

我必须承认,我坚信圆形比椭圆形对称得多。如果圆可以在通过中心的任何轴上镜像,对于椭圆形,通常只有在x和y轴上才有可能。因此,我认为midPointCircleThick()无法适应椭圆。

因此,我从OP提供的midpointEllipse()开始实施。

这些是我的基本想法:

  • 恕我直言,Bresenham Line algorithmMidpoint Circle algorithm以及中点椭圆算法的起源。这可能有助于理解所使用的错误/增量魔术。对于一行来说,它要简单得多,但遵循的相同思想适用于x²/a²+y²/b²= 1(the ellipse equation)。

  • midpointEllipse()的原点位于椭圆的中心,同时渲染了所有四个象限(利用对称性)。因此,仅必须有效地计算一个象限中的曲线。曲线在该区域是单调的。

  • midpointEllipse()有两个区域:

    1. 从x轴上的点开始,∆y> ∆x直到达到偶数。
    2. 然后,∆x> ∆y。

我的想法是采用这样的方式来适应midpointEllipse():将代码“复制”以管理具有相同y坐标的两个点(一个用于内部边界,一个用于外部)以绘制水平线(跨度线)

我的第一个观察结果是,新算法必须管理最后一个阶段(对于innerRadius.y outerRadius.y,其中仅需考虑外边界上的点。

请记住,原始算法有两个区域,现在有两个区域用于外边界,两个区域用于内边界,以及上述两个阶段。这允许多种组合。 (要对此进行管理是我实施过程中的主要工作。)

示例实现(基于Qt具有简单的可视化效果):

#include <functional>

#include <QtWidgets>

class View: public QLabel {

  public:
    View(QWidget *pQParent = nullptr):
      QLabel(pQParent)
    { }
    virtual ~View() = default;

    View(const View&) = delete;
    View& operator=(const View&) = delete;

  protected:

    virtual void paintEvent(QPaintEvent *pQEvent) override;
};

struct Point { int x, y; };

using Color = QColor;

void midpointEllipse(
  Point center,
  Point radius,
  std::function<void(const Color&, const Point&)> setPixel)
{
  Point pos = { radius.x, 0 };
  Point delta = {
    2 * radius.y * radius.y * pos.x,
    2 * radius.x * radius.x * pos.y
  };
  int err = radius.x * radius.x
    - radius.y * radius.y * radius.x
    + (radius.y * radius.y) / 4;

  while (delta.y < delta.x) {
    setPixel(Qt::blue, { center.x + pos.x, center.y + pos.y });
    setPixel(Qt::blue, { center.x + pos.x, center.y - pos.y });
    setPixel(Qt::blue, { center.x - pos.x, center.y + pos.y });
    setPixel(Qt::blue, { center.x - pos.x, center.y - pos.y });

    pos.y++;

    if (err < 0) {
      delta.y += 2 * radius.x * radius.x;
      err += delta.y + radius.x * radius.x;
    } else {
      pos.x--;
      delta.y += 2 * radius.x * radius.x;
      delta.x -= 2 * radius.y * radius.y;
      err += delta.y - delta.x + radius.x * radius.x;
    }
  }

  err = radius.x * radius.x * (pos.y * pos.y + pos.y)
    + radius.y * radius.y * (pos.x - 1) * (pos.x - 1)
    - radius.y * radius.y * radius.x * radius.x;

  while (pos.x >= 0) {
    setPixel(Qt::yellow, { center.x + pos.x, center.y + pos.y });
    setPixel(Qt::yellow, { center.x + pos.x, center.y - pos.y });
    setPixel(Qt::yellow, { center.x - pos.x, center.y + pos.y });
    setPixel(Qt::yellow, { center.x - pos.x, center.y - pos.y });

    pos.x--;

    if (err > 0) {
      delta.x -= 2 * radius.y * radius.y;
      err += radius.y * radius.y - delta.x;
    } else {
      pos.y++;
      delta.y += 2 * radius.x * radius.x;
      delta.x -= 2 * radius.y * radius.y;
      err += delta.y - delta.x + radius.y * radius.y;
    }
  }
}

void midpointEllipseThick(
  Point center,
  Point innerRadius,
  Point outerRadius,
  std::function<void(const Color&, const Point&, int)> horiLine)
{
  /// @todo validate/correct innerRadius and outerRadius
  Point pos = { outerRadius.x, 0 };
  Point deltaOuter = {
    2 * outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y * pos.x,
    2 * outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x * pos.y
  };
  auto errOuterYX
    = [&]() {
      return outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x
        - outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y * outerRadius.x
        + (outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y) / 4;
    };
  auto errOuterXY
    = [&]() {
      return outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x * (pos.y * pos.y + pos.y)
        + outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y * (pos.x - 1) * (pos.x - 1)
        - outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y * outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x;
    };
  int errOuter = errOuterYX();
  int xInner = innerRadius.x;
  Point deltaInner = {
    2 * innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y * xInner,
    2 * innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x * pos.y
  };
  auto errInnerYX
    = [&]() {
      return innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x
        - innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y * innerRadius.x
        + (innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y) / 4;
    };
  auto errInnerXY
    = [&]() {
      return innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x * (pos.y * pos.y + pos.y)
        + innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y * (xInner - 1) * (xInner - 1)
        - innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y * innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x;
    };
  int errInner = errInnerYX();
  // helpers (to reduce code duplication)
  auto stepOuterYX
    = [&]() {
      ++pos.y;
      if (errOuter < 0) {
        deltaOuter.y += 2 * outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x;
        errOuter += deltaOuter.y + outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x;
      } else {
        --pos.x;
        deltaOuter.y += 2 * outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x;
        deltaOuter.x -= 2 * outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y;
        errOuter += deltaOuter.y - deltaOuter.x + outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x;
      }
    };
  auto stepOuterXY
    = [&]() {
      while (--pos.x > 0) {
        if (errOuter > 0) {
          deltaOuter.x -= 2 * outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y;
          errOuter += outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y - deltaOuter.x;
        } else {
          ++pos.y;
          deltaOuter.y += 2 * outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x;
          deltaOuter.x -= 2 * outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y;
          errOuter += deltaOuter.y - deltaOuter.x + outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y;
          break;
        }
      }
    };
  auto stepInnerYX
    = [&]() {
      if (errInner < 0) {
        deltaInner.y += 2 * innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x;
        errInner += deltaInner.y + innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x;
      } else {
        --xInner;
        deltaInner.y += 2 * innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x;
        deltaInner.x -= 2 * innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y;
        errInner += deltaInner.y - deltaInner.x + innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x;
      }
    };
  auto stepInnerXY
    = [&]() {
      while (--xInner >= 0) {
        if (errInner > 0) {
          deltaInner.x -= 2 * innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y;
          errInner += innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y - deltaInner.x;
        } else {
          deltaInner.y += 2 * innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x;
          deltaInner.x -= 2 * innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y;
          errInner += deltaInner.y - deltaInner.x + innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y;
          break;
        }
      }
    };
  // 1st phase
  while (deltaOuter.y < deltaOuter.x && deltaInner.y < deltaInner.x) {
    horiLine(Qt::blue, { center.x - pos.x, center.y + pos.y }, center.x - xInner);
    horiLine(Qt::blue, { center.x + pos.x, center.y + pos.y }, center.x + xInner);
    horiLine(Qt::blue, { center.x - pos.x, center.y - pos.y }, center.x - xInner);
    horiLine(Qt::blue, { center.x + pos.x, center.y - pos.y }, center.x + xInner);
    stepOuterYX();
    stepInnerYX();
  }

  // 2nd phase
  if (deltaOuter.y < deltaOuter.x) { // inner flipped
    //errOuter = errOuterYX();
    errInner = errInnerXY();
    while (deltaOuter.y < deltaOuter.x && xInner >= 0) {
      horiLine(Qt::green, { center.x - pos.x, center.y + pos.y }, center.x - xInner);
      horiLine(Qt::green, { center.x + pos.x, center.y + pos.y }, center.x + xInner);
      horiLine(Qt::green, { center.x - pos.x, center.y - pos.y }, center.x - xInner);
      horiLine(Qt::green, { center.x + pos.x, center.y - pos.y }, center.x + xInner);
      stepOuterYX();
      stepInnerXY();
    }
    //errOuter = errOuterYX();
    while (deltaOuter.y < deltaOuter.x) {
      horiLine(Qt::red, { center.x - pos.x, center.y + pos.y }, center.x + pos.x);
      horiLine(Qt::red, { center.x - pos.x, center.y - pos.y }, center.x + pos.x);
      stepOuterYX();
    }
  } else { // outer flipped
    errOuter = errOuterXY();
    //errInner = errInnerYX();
    while (deltaInner.y < deltaInner.x) {
      horiLine(Qt::cyan, { center.x - pos.x, center.y + pos.y }, center.x - xInner);
      horiLine(Qt::cyan, { center.x + pos.x, center.y + pos.y }, center.x + xInner);
      horiLine(Qt::cyan, { center.x - pos.x, center.y - pos.y }, center.x - xInner);
      horiLine(Qt::cyan, { center.x + pos.x, center.y - pos.y }, center.x + xInner);
      stepOuterXY();
      stepInnerYX();
    }
    //errOuter = errOuterXY();
  }
  // 3rd phase
  errOuter = errOuterXY();
  errInner = errInnerXY();
  while (xInner >= 0) {
    horiLine(Qt::yellow, { center.x - pos.x, center.y + pos.y }, center.x - xInner);
    horiLine(Qt::yellow, { center.x + pos.x, center.y + pos.y }, center.x + xInner);
    horiLine(Qt::yellow, { center.x - pos.x, center.y - pos.y }, center.x - xInner);
    horiLine(Qt::yellow, { center.x + pos.x, center.y - pos.y }, center.x + xInner);
    stepOuterXY();
    stepInnerXY();
  }
  // 4th phase
  //errOuter = errOuterXY();
  while (pos.x >= 0) {
    horiLine(Qt::magenta, { center.x - pos.x, center.y + pos.y }, center.x + pos.x);
    horiLine(Qt::magenta, { center.x - pos.x, center.y - pos.y }, center.x + pos.x);
    stepOuterXY();
  }
}

void View::paintEvent(QPaintEvent*)
{
  QPainter qPainter(this);
#if 0 // warm up
  auto setPixel
    = [&](const Color &color, const Point &point)
    {
      qPainter.setPen(color);
      qPainter.drawPoint(point.x, point.y);
    };
  Point center = { 0.5 * width(), 0.5 * height() };
  midpointEllipse(center, center, setPixel);
#else // my attempt to adapt it to thick ellipses
  auto horiLine
    = [&](const Color &color, const Point &pos0, int x1)
    {
      qPainter.setPen(color);
      qPainter.drawLine(pos0.x, pos0.y, x1, pos0.y);
    };
  Point center = { 0.5 * width(), 0.5 * height() };
  Point innerRadius = { 0.5 * center.x, 0.5 * center.y };
  Point outerRadius = { 0.9 * center.x, 0.9 * center.y };
  midpointEllipseThick(center, innerRadius, outerRadius, horiLine);
#endif // 0
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
  qDebug() << "Qt Version:" << QT_VERSION_STR;
  QApplication app(argc, argv);
  // setup UI
  View qWin;
  qWin.setWindowTitle(QString::fromUtf8("Draw Thick Ellipse"));
  qWin.resize(320, 240);
  qWin.show();
  // runtime loop
  return app.exec();
}

编译了VS2017(Qt 5.11.2)中的测试:

Snapshot of testQThickEllipse Snapshot of testQThickEllipse (with different width/height) Snapshot of testQThickEllipse (with yet another width/height)

我用颜色来形象化区域和相位的不同组合。这仅仅是为了说明代码的哪一部分负责呈现椭圆的哪一部分。


对于else中的// 2nd phase情况,我有些不确定。我测试过

  Point center = { 0.5 * width(), 0.5 * height() };
  Point innerRadius = { 0.3 * center.x, 0.8 * center.y };
  Point outerRadius = { 0.9 * center.x, 0.9 * center.y };
  midpointEllipseThick(center, innerRadius, outerRadius, horiLine);

得到了:

Snapshot of testQThickEllipse (with different arguments)

现在,// 1st phase由于deltaOuter.y < deltaOuter.x失败而停止运行(并且出现青色区域)。


OP抱怨对诸如innerRadius = outerRadius;。我使用以下测试集进行了检查:

  Point center = { 0.5 * width(), 0.5 * height() };
  // test edge cases
  { Point outerRadius = { 0.9 * center.x, 0.9 * center.y };
    Point innerRadius = { outerRadius.x, outerRadius.y };
    Old::midpointEllipseThick(center, innerRadius, outerRadius, horiLine);
  }
  { Point outerRadius = { 0.8 * center.x, 0.8 * center.y };
    Point innerRadius = { outerRadius.x - 1, outerRadius.y };
    Old::midpointEllipseThick(center, innerRadius, outerRadius, horiLine);
  }
  { Point outerRadius = { 0.7 * center.x, 0.7 * center.y };
    Point innerRadius = { outerRadius.x, outerRadius.y - 1 };
    Old::midpointEllipseThick(center, innerRadius, outerRadius, horiLine);
  }
  { Point outerRadius = { 0.6 * center.x, 0.6 * center.y };
    Point innerRadius = { outerRadius.x - 1, outerRadius.y - 1 };
    Old::midpointEllipseThick(center, innerRadius, outerRadius, horiLine);
  }
  { Point outerRadius = { 0.5 * center.x, 0.5 * center.y };
    Point innerRadius = { outerRadius.x - 2, outerRadius.y - 2 };
    Old::midpointEllipseThick(center, innerRadius, outerRadius, horiLine);
  }

Qt::yellow更改为Qt::darkgray(以获得更好的对比),并得到以下信息:

Snapshot of testQThickEllipse (edge tests)

当∆x y→y + 1 > x 外部-x 内部时,显然会出现间隙。

要解决此问题,在生成跨度线时也必须考虑∆x y→y + 1 。为此,我修改了∆x≥∆y的迭代(在函数底部):

void midpointEllipseThick(
  Point center,
  Point innerRadius,
  Point outerRadius,
  std::function<void(const Color&, const Point&, int)> horiLine)
{
  /// @todo validate/correct innerRadius and outerRadius
  Point pos = { outerRadius.x, 0 };
  Point deltaOuter = {
    2 * outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y * pos.x,
    2 * outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x * pos.y
  };
  auto errOuterYX
    = [&]() {
      return outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x
        - outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y * outerRadius.x
        + (outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y) / 4;
    };
  auto errOuterXY
    = [&]() {
      return outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x * (pos.y * pos.y + pos.y)
        + outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y * (pos.x - 1) * (pos.x - 1)
        - outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y * outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x;
    };
  int errOuter;
  int xInner = innerRadius.x;
  Point deltaInner = {
    2 * innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y * xInner,
    2 * innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x * pos.y
  };
  auto errInnerYX
    = [&]() {
      return innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x
        - innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y * innerRadius.x
        + (innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y) / 4;
    };
  auto errInnerXY
    = [&]() {
      return innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x * (pos.y * pos.y + pos.y)
        + innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y * (xInner - 1) * (xInner - 1)
        - innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y * innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x;
    };
  int errInner;
  // helpers (to reduce code duplication)
  auto stepOuterYX
    = [&]() {
      ++pos.y;
      if (errOuter < 0) {
        deltaOuter.y += 2 * outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x;
        errOuter += deltaOuter.y + outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x;
      } else {
        --pos.x;
        deltaOuter.y += 2 * outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x;
        deltaOuter.x -= 2 * outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y;
        errOuter += deltaOuter.y - deltaOuter.x + outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x;
      }
    };
  auto stepInnerYX
    = [&]() {
      if (errInner < 0) {
        deltaInner.y += 2 * innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x;
        errInner += deltaInner.y + innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x;
      } else {
        --xInner;
        deltaInner.y += 2 * innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x;
        deltaInner.x -= 2 * innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y;
        errInner += deltaInner.y - deltaInner.x + innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x;
      }
    };
  auto stepOuterXY
    = [&]() {
      while (--pos.x >= 0) {
        if (errOuter > 0) {
          deltaOuter.x -= 2 * outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y;
          errOuter += outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y - deltaOuter.x;
        } else {
          ++pos.y;
          deltaOuter.y += 2 * outerRadius.x * outerRadius.x;
          deltaOuter.x -= 2 * outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y;
          errOuter += deltaOuter.y - deltaOuter.x + outerRadius.y * outerRadius.y;
          break;
        }
      }
    };
  auto stepInnerXY
    = [&]() {
      while (--xInner >= 0) {
        if (errInner > 0) {
          deltaInner.x -= 2 * innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y;
          errInner += innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y - deltaInner.x;
        } else {
          deltaInner.y += 2 * innerRadius.x * innerRadius.x;
          deltaInner.x -= 2 * innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y;
          errInner += deltaInner.y - deltaInner.x + innerRadius.y * innerRadius.y;
          break;
        }
      }
    };
  auto min
    = [](int x1, int x2, int x3) {
      return std::min(std::min(x1, x2), x3);
    };
  // 1st phase
  errOuter = errOuterYX(); // init error for delta y < delta x
  errInner = errInnerYX(); // init error for delta y < delta x
  while (deltaOuter.y < deltaOuter.x && deltaInner.y < deltaInner.x) {
    horiLine(Qt::blue, { center.x - pos.x, center.y + pos.y }, center.x - xInner);
    horiLine(Qt::blue, { center.x + pos.x, center.y + pos.y }, center.x + xInner);
    horiLine(Qt::blue, { center.x - pos.x, center.y - pos.y }, center.x - xInner);
    horiLine(Qt::blue, { center.x + pos.x, center.y - pos.y }, center.x + xInner);
    stepOuterYX();
    stepInnerYX();
  }

  // 2nd phase
  if (deltaOuter.y < deltaOuter.x) { // inner flipped
    //errOuter = errOuterYX(); // still delta y < delta x
    errInner = errInnerXY(); // init error for delta x < delta y
    while (deltaOuter.y < deltaOuter.x && xInner >= 0) {
      horiLine(Qt::green, { center.x - pos.x, center.y + pos.y }, center.x - xInner);
      horiLine(Qt::green, { center.x + pos.x, center.y + pos.y }, center.x + xInner);
      horiLine(Qt::green, { center.x - pos.x, center.y - pos.y }, center.x - xInner);
      horiLine(Qt::green, { center.x + pos.x, center.y - pos.y }, center.x + xInner);
      stepOuterYX();
      stepInnerXY();
    }
    //errOuter = errOuterYX(); // still delta y < delta x
    while (deltaOuter.y < deltaOuter.x) {
      horiLine(Qt::red, { center.x - pos.x, center.y + pos.y }, center.x + pos.x);
      horiLine(Qt::red, { center.x - pos.x, center.y - pos.y }, center.x + pos.x);
      stepOuterYX();
    }
  } else { // outer flipped
    errOuter = errOuterXY(); // init error for delta x < delta y
    //errInner = errInnerYX(); // still delta y < delta x
    while (deltaInner.y < deltaInner.x) {
      Point pos_ = pos;
      stepOuterXY();
      stepInnerYX();
      int xInner_ = std::min(pos.x, xInner);
      horiLine(Qt::cyan, { center.x - pos_.x, center.y + pos_.y }, center.x - xInner_);
      horiLine(Qt::cyan, { center.x + pos_.x, center.y + pos_.y }, center.x + xInner_);
      horiLine(Qt::cyan, { center.x - pos_.x, center.y - pos_.y }, center.x - xInner_);
      horiLine(Qt::cyan, { center.x + pos_.x, center.y - pos_.y }, center.x + xInner_);
    }
  }
  // 3rd phase
  errOuter = errOuterXY(); // init error for delta x < delta y
  errInner = errInnerXY(); // init error for delta x < delta y
  while (xInner >= 0) {
    Point pos_ = pos;
    stepOuterXY();
    int xInner_ = std::min(pos.x, xInner);
    horiLine(Qt::darkGray, { center.x - pos_.x, center.y + pos_.y }, center.x - xInner_);
    horiLine(Qt::darkGray, { center.x + pos_.x, center.y + pos_.y }, center.x + xInner_);
    horiLine(Qt::darkGray, { center.x - pos_.x, center.y - pos_.y }, center.x - xInner_);
    horiLine(Qt::darkGray, { center.x + pos_.x, center.y - pos_.y }, center.x + xInner_);
    stepInnerXY();
  }
  // 4th phase
  //errOuter = errOuterXY(); // still delta x < delta y
  while (pos.x >= 0) {
    horiLine(Qt::magenta, { center.x - pos.x, center.y + pos.y }, center.x + pos.x + 1);
    horiLine(Qt::magenta, { center.x - pos.x, center.y - pos.y }, center.x + pos.x + 1);
    stepOuterXY();
  }
}

结果看起来还不错:

Snapshot of testQThickEllipse (fixed for edge tests)

间隙被消除。

我意识到,还有一个抱怨过的错误:

  

椭圆的顶部和底部的厚度似乎太小了一个像素。

嗯……这是一个定义问题。每当必须给出范围时,就必须说出开始和结束是(每个)包容性还是排他性。 (例如,与标准容器中的迭代器范围进行比较-开始→包含,结束→排除。)

Qt文档。为该主题Coordinate System专门写了一整章。

我必须承认的是:我目前的算法在水平和垂直方向上都处理不同的问题,我认为这是“丑陋的”。恕我直言,最简单的解决方法是使其在水平和垂直方向上保持一致。之后的文件。可能会分别进行调整。

  

员工:“老板!我们最近生产的水桶有一个洞并且会失水。”
  老板:“很高兴知道。我们应该在手册中提到这一点。”

因此,我通过调整horiLine帮助程序lambda来固定了水平边框的大小:

  auto horiLine
    = [&](const Color &color, const Point &pos0, int x1)
    {
      qPainter.setPen(color);
      if (x1 != pos0.x) x1 += x1 < pos0.x ? +1 : -1;
      qPainter.drawLine(pos0.x, pos0.y, x1, pos0.y);
    };

现在,我认为结果至少是一致的(如果不令人满意):

Snapshot of testQThickEllipse (fixed for border width)

innerRadius现在显示为独占。如果这不是故意的,则分别。可以在midpointEllipseThick()的开头进行参数的预先调整。

答案 1 :(得分:0)

您面临的问题是,恒定厚度的厚椭圆形的轮廓不是椭圆,而是高次曲线!在两个椭圆之间填充只能给出近似值。

在图片上,红色曲线表示恒定的厚度。

enter image description here

正确的解决方案是使用粗笔进行绘制,即使用标准算法,通过使圆盘的中心跟随椭圆形来扫描所需半径的圆盘。

这样,这是一个低效的过程,因为连续的磁盘重叠并且像素将被绘制多次。一种解决方案是考虑磁盘在八个位移方向上覆盖的新像素。对于给定的半径,必须预先计算并列出这些像素集。

要建立表,请绘制一张磁盘并用在八个基本方向之一上移动一个像素的磁盘擦除它;重复所有方向。