我有几个使用 hashbang 的python3脚本将其标识为Python3脚本。根据文件扩展名，脚本不能不能被识别为python，因为它们没有任何脚本（就像其他* nix系统一样）。
我已经研究了相关问题，但是它们并没有解决这一特殊需求，并且似乎依靠*.py扩展名来进行识别。
所以我的脚本命名为： myscript ，文件的第一行是：
#!/usr/bin/env python3
...
如何使Windows powershell 识别出该问题并使用C:\Python3.7中的python解释器运行它？
UPDATE-1
为了澄清起见，我想从 powershell CLI运行它，而不是单击它。
另外，我刚刚发现（令我震惊），当您将pip install与本机Windows Python3一起使用时，第一行 hashbang 被自动替换为：
#!c:\python37\python.exe
哎呀！
UPDATE-2
由于@eryksun的评论，我设法获得一个PowerShell脚本为我做一些基本检查。但是，将需要对其进行修复以支持更多的Python。
test4script.ps1 ：
Param([parameter(Mandatory=$true, HelpMessage="Need a valid filename")] $fileName)
$firstLine = Get-Content -Path $fileName -TotalCount 1
$SHEBANG="^#!"
$shes=@("python3","python2","python","bash","sh","perl","pwsh")
If ($firstLine -match $SHEBANG) {
Write-Host "DEBUG: checking for common shebangs" -ForegroundColor Green
foreach ($i in $shes) {
If ($firstLine -match $i) {
Write-Host "DEBUG: found shebang for: $i" -ForegroundColor Green
C:\python37\python.exe $fileName
break
}
}
} else {
Write-Host "File is not a known script. No shebang fund in file!" -ForegroundColor Red
return
}
Write-Host "DEBUG: Done" -ForegroundColor Green
结果是：
$ Get-Content -Path nonscript -TotalCount 3
#This aint right
echo "hello"
$ Get-Content -Path pip-describe -TotalCount 3
#!c:\python37\python.exe
# pip-describe - Show full text package description from PyPI
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
$ .\test4script.ps1 nonscript
File is not a known script. No shebang fund in file!
$ .\test4script.ps1 pip-describe
DEBUG: checking for common shebangs
DEBUG: found shebang for: python3
Usage: pip-describe <package-name>
This will return the full-text package description (usually the README)
as found on PyPI, for any given <package-name>.
...
现在，我们应该可以使用 CMD.exe 将该脚本与 . 关联：
cmd /c assoc .=unknown
cmd /c "ftype unknown=""C:\mybin\test4script.ps1"" %1"
但是使用PowerShell独立执行此操作，而不必跳过CMD会更好。
答案 0 :(得分：1)
eryksun在有关问题的注释中提供了很好的指针，您基于它们进行的编辑显示了安装通用的，计算机范围的shebang-line感知启动器的方法，该启动器可用于将无扩展名的脚本设为可执行文件通过将.添加到$env:PATHEXT 。
有关此方法的注意事项：
PowerShell当前（自PowerShell Core 6.2.0起）始终在 new 控制台窗口中执行无扩展名文件，这使该配置无用在PowerShell 中-它确实可以按预期从cmd.exe运行。
该机制存在潜在的安全风险，因为任何不带扩展名且带有shebang行的纯文本文件都可以有效地变为可执行文件，从而有可能绕过专注于具有扩展名文件的安全功能已知是可执行文件。
要通过[PowerShell]脚本实现文件类型定义的默认操作，总是需要使用脚本文件的解释器创建子进程，在这种情况下，这意味着调用{{1 }}及其powershell.exe参数。 -File的启动性能成本是微不足道的，这会延迟执行。。
如果您毕竟想实现这种通用机制，请参阅底部的
powershell.exe脚本。
鉴于上述情况，这是一种 更轻量级的，特定于Python的方法，该方法基于自动创建用于无扩展名的shebang的单独的Install-ShebangSupport.ps1包装脚本行Python脚本：
这利用了PowerShell仅允许按文件名执行自己的*.ps1脚本文件这一事实。
限制：
您至少需要运行一次wrapper-script-generation脚本（如下所示），并且每次添加新的无扩展Python脚本。
可以想象，可以使用文件系统监视程序来触发生成脚本，但是进行设置不是一件容易的事。
从正面来看，包装器脚本比基于通用文件类型的解决方案执行得更快，因为不涉及额外的PowerShell实例（子进程）。
从无扩展Python脚本所在的目录中运行以下脚本 [1] ：
*.ps1对于每个无扩展名的Python脚本Get-ChildItem -File | Where-Object Extension -eq '' | % {
if ((Get-Content -LiteralPath $_.fullname -First 1) -match '^#!.*\bpython') {
@'
py.exe ($PSCommandPath -replace '\.ps1$') $Args; exit $LASTEXITCODE
'@ > ($_.FullName + '.ps1')
}
}
，都会创建一个伴随文件somescript，并将文件somescript.ps1与所有命令行参数一起传递给Python启动器somescript。 ; py.exe确保通过exit $LASTEXTICODE的退出代码。
如eryksun所言，py.exe应该能够解释shebang行以调用适当的Python可执行文件。
如果您不想使用包装器文件使系统混乱，请自动生成功能作为替代方案，但是请注意，通常必须通过您的py.exe文件将它们加载到每个会话中才能使用：
$PROFILE注意：
这将使当前目录的无扩展Python脚本可用，就像它们位于Get-ChildItem -File | Where-Object Extension -eq '' | % {
if ((Get-Content -LiteralPath $_.FullName -First 1) -match '^#!.*\bpython') {
Invoke-Expression @"
Function global:$($_.Name) {
py.exe "$($_.FullName)" `$Args
}
"@
}
}
中列出的目录中一样-当前目录是否在此处列出
每个目标Python脚本都被硬编码为相同名称的函数，并且会始终以该脚本为目标。
$env:PATH包装脚本文件方法允许在给定目录中进行定向调用，例如使用*.ps1。 .\foo的这种特殊用法很安全-可以基于可扩展字符串定义函数-但是Invoke-Expression should generally be avoided。
Invoke-Expression，用于安装通用支持以在Windows上直接执行无扩展名的基于shebang行的脚本：该脚本支持在当前用户级别（默认情况下或使用Install-ShebangSupport.ps1）或 all-users 级别（使用-Scope CurrentUser，需要以管理员身份运行。
假设当前目录中存在该目录，请运行-Scope AllUsers以获得基本帮助。
调用不带参数的脚本会显示一条确认提示，其中包含有关对系统进行的必要修改的详细信息； Ctrl-C 可以在不安装的情况下中止；传递Get-Help .\Install-ShebangSupport的情况下执行安装时不会提示您进行确认。
要稍后卸载，请传递-Force;请注意，您必须匹配安装期间使用的（暗示的）-Uninstall值。
实施说明：通过-Scope-内部命令cmd.exe和assoc定义无扩展名文件类型始终对所有用户，因为定义存储在ftype中的注册表中；同样，因此调用总是需要提升权限（管理特权）。
但是，可以通过直接操纵注册表来创建用户级定义，该脚本也可以在计算机级定义中使用此脚本。
注意：下面的代码中语法高亮显示已损坏，但确实有效。
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Classes [1]在 Windows PowerShell 中，您可以使用<#
.SYNOPSIS
Support for direct execution of extension-less script files with shebang lines
on Windows.
.DESCRIPTION
For details, invoke this script without arguments: the confirmation prompt
will show the required modifications to your system. Submit "N" to opt out
of the installation.
Note that extension-less files that do not have a shebang line will open in
the default text editor.
.PARAMETER Scope
Whether to install support for the current user only (the default) or
for all users (requires invocation as admin).
.PARAMETER Uninstall
Uninstalls previously installed support.
Note that the (implied) -Scope value must match the one that was used during
installation.
.PARAMETER Force
Bypasses the confirmation prompt that is shown by default.
.EXAMPLE
Install-ShebangSupport
Installation for the current user that requires answering a confirmation prompt.
.EXAMPLE
Install-ShebangSupport -Scope AllUsers -Force
Installation for all users without confirmation prompt. Requires invocation
as admin.
.EXAMPLE
Install-ShebangSupport -Uninstall
Uninstallation for the current user with confirmation prompt.
#>
[CmdletBinding(PositionalBinding=$false)]
param(
[ValidateSet('CurrentUser', 'AllUsers')]
[string] $Scope = 'CurrentUser'
,
[switch] $Force
,
[switch] $Uninstall
)
$ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'; Set-StrictMode -Version 1
if ($env:OS -ne 'Windows_NT') { Throw ("This script can only run on Windows.")}
# ---------------------- BEGIN: Internal helper functions
# === INSTALL
function install {
Write-Verbose ('Installing shebang-script support for {0}:' -f ('the current user', 'ALL users')[$forAllUsers])
# NOTE:
# * assoc and ftype only ever operate on HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Classes, not HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Classes - both on reading and writing.
# * *HKEY_CURRENT_USER*-level definitions DO work, but *neither assoc nor ftype report them or can update them*.
# Therefore, we perform direct registry manipulation below.
Write-Verbose 'Creating file type for extension-less file names via the registry...'
# Map the "extension-less extension", "." to the name of the new file type to be created below.
# Caveat: Sadly, New-Item -Force blindly recreates the registry key if it already exists, discarding
# all existing content in the process.
$key = New-Item -Force -Path $regkeyExtensionToFileType
$null = New-ItemProperty -LiteralPath $key.PSPath -Name '(default)' -Value $fileTypeName
# Define the new file type:
$key = New-Item -Force -Path "$regkeyFileType\Shell\Open\Command"
$null = New-ItemProperty -LiteralPath $key.PSPath -Name '(default)' -Value ('powershell.exe -noprofile -file "{0}" "%1" %*' -f $helperScriptFullName)
# Get the current $env:PATHEXT definition from the registry.
$currPathExt = [Environment]::GetEnvironmentVariable('PATHEXT', ('User', 'Machine')[$forAllUsers])
if (-not $forAllUsers -and -not $currPathExt) {
Write-Verbose "Creating a static user-level copy of the machine-level PATHEXT environment variable..."
$currPathExt = [Environment]::GetEnvironmentVariable('PATHEXT', 'Machine')
}
# Add "." as an executable extension to $env:PATHEXT so as to support
# direct execution of extension-less files.
if ($currPathExt -split ';' -notcontains '.') {
Write-Verbose "Appending '.' to PATHEXT..."
[Environment]::SetEnvironmentVariable('PATHEXT', $currPathExt + ';.', ('User', 'Machine')[$forAllUsers])
# Also define it for the running session
$env:PATHEXT += ';.'
} else {
Write-Verbose "'.' is already contained in PATHEXT."
}
# The following here-string is the source code for the
# $helperScriptFullName script to create.
# To debug and/or modify it:
# * Edit and/or debug $helperScriptFullName
# * After applying fixes / enhancements, replace the here-string
# below with the updated source code.
@'
# When invoked by direct execution of a script file via the file-type definition, the arguments are:
# * The full path of the script file being invoked.
# * Arguments passed to the script file on invocation, if any.
# CAVEAT: PowerShell's own parsing of command-line arguments into $args
# breaks unquoted tokens such as >> -true:blue << and >> -true.blue << into *2* arguments
# ('-true:', 'blue' and '-true', '.blue', respectively).
# The only way to avoid that is to pass the argument *quoted*: '-true:blue' and '-true.blue'
# See https://github.com/PowerShell/PowerShell/issues/6360
# Parse the arguments into the script
param(
[Parameter(Mandatory=$true)] [string] $LiteralPath,
[Parameter(ValueFromRemainingArguments=$true)] [array] $passThruArgs
)
$ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'; Set-StrictMode -Version 1
# Note: When invoked via the file-type definition, $LiteralPath is guaranteed to be a full path.
# To also support interactive use of this script (for debugging), we resolve the script
# argument to a full path.
# Note that if you pass just a script filename (<script>), it'll be interpreted relative
# to the current directory rather than based on an $env:PATH search; to do the latter,
# pass (Get-Command <script>).Source
if ($LiteralPath -notmatch '^(?:[a-z]:)?[\\/]') { $LiteralPath = Convert-Path -LiteralPath $LiteralPath }
# Check the script's first line for a shebang.
$shebangLine = ''
switch -Regex -File $LiteralPath {
'^#!\s*(.*)\s*$' { # Matches a shebang line.
# Save the shebang line and its embedded command.
$shebangLine = $_
$cmdLine = $Matches[1]
Write-Verbose "Shebang line found in '$LiteralPath': $shebangLine"
break # We're done now that we have the shebang line.
}
default { # no shebang line found -> open with default text editor
# Note: We cannot use Invoke-Item or Start-Process, as that would
# reinvoke this handler, resulting in an infinite loop.
# The best we can do is to open the file in the default text editor.
Write-Verbose "No shebang line, opening with default text editor: $LiteralPath"
# Obtain the command line for the default text editor directly from the registry
# at HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\txtfile\shell\Open\command rather than via `cmd /c ftype`,
# because assoc and ftype only ever report on and update the *machine-level* definitions at
# HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Classes
$cmdLine = [environment]::ExpandEnvironmentVariables((((Get-ItemProperty -EA Ignore registry::HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\txtfile\shell\Open\command).'(default)') -split '=')[-1])
if (-not $cmdLine) { $cmdLine = 'NOTEPAD.EXE %1' } # Fall back to Notepad.
break # We're done now that we know this file doesn't have a shebang line.
}
}
# Parse the shebang line's embedded command line or the default-text-editor's command line into arguments.
# Note: We use Invoke-Expression and Write-Output so as to support *quoted*
# arguments as well - though presumably rare in practice.
# If supporting quoted tokens isn't necessary, the next line can be replaced
# with a strictly-by-whitespace splitting command:
# $cmdArgs = -split $cmdLine
[array] $cmdArgs = (Invoke-Expression "Write-Output -- $($cmdLine -replace '\$', "`0")") -replace "`0", '$'
if ($shebangLine) {
# Extract the target executable name or path.
# If the first argument is '/usr/bin/env', we skip it, as env (on Unix-like platforms) is merely used
# to locate the true target executable in the Path.
$exeTokenIndex = 0 + ($cmdArgs[0] -eq '/usr/bin/env')
$exeNameOrPath = $cmdArgs[$exeTokenIndex]
$exeFullPath = ''
# Note: We do NOT pass any remaining arguments from the shebang line through.
# (Such arguments are rare anyway.)
# The rationale is that an interpreter that understands shebang lines will
# also respect such arguments when reading the file - this is true of at
# least py.exe, the Python launcher, and ruby.exe
# Python is a special case: the Python launcher, py.exe, is itself
# capable of interpreting shebang lines, so we defer to it.
if ($exeNameOrPath -match '\bpython\d?') {
# Ensure that 'py.exe' is available; if not, we fall back to the same approach
# as for all other executables.
$exeFullPath = (Get-Command -CommandType Application py.exe -ErrorAction Ignore).Source
}
if (-not $exeFullPath) {
# Try the executable spec. as-is first, should it actually contain a *Windows* path name.
$exeFullPath = (Get-Command -CommandType Application $exeNameOrPath -ErrorAction Ignore).Source
if (-not $exeFullPath) {
# If not found, assume it is a Unix path that doesn't apply, and try to locate the hopefully
# appropriate executable by its filename only, in the Path.
$exeFullPath = (Get-Command -CommandType Application (Split-Path -Leaf -LiteralPath $exeNameOrPath) -ErrorAction Ignore).Source
}
}
# Abort, if we can't find a suitable executable.
if (-not $exeFullPath) { Throw "Could not find a suitable executable to run '$LiteralPath' based on its shebang line: $shebangLine" }
# Synthesize the complete list of arguments to pass to the target exectuable.
$passThruArgs = , $LiteralPath + $passThruArgs
} else { # NON-shebang-line files: invocation of default text editor
$exeFullPath, [array] $editorArgs = $cmdArgs -replace '%1', ($LiteralPath -replace '\$', '$$')
# Synthesize the complete list of arguments to pass to the target exectuable.
# Replace the '%1' placeholder with the script's path.
# Note that we don't really expect additional arguments to have been passed in this scenario,
# and such arguments may be interpreted as additional file arguments by the editor.
$passThruArgs = ($editorArgs -replace '"?%1"?', ($LiteralPath -replace '\$', '$$$$')) + $passThruArgs
# If the editor is a GUI application, $LASTEXITCODE won't be set by PowerShell.
# We set it to 0 here, as it has no value by default, and referencing it below with exit
# would cause an error due to Set-StrictMode -Version 1.
$LASTEXITCODE = 0
}
Write-Verbose "Executing: $exeFullPath $passThruArgs"
# Invoke the target executable with all arguments.
# Important:
# * We need to manually \-escape embeded " chars. in arguments
# because PowerShell, regrettably, doesn't do that automatically.
# However, even that may fail in edge cases in Windows PowerShell (fixed in PS Core),
# namely when an unbalanced " char. is part of the first word - see https://stackoverflow.com/a/55604316/45375
& $exeFullPath ($passThruArgs -replace '"', '\"')
# Pass the target executable's exit code through.
# (In the case of invoking the default editor for non-shebang-line files, it
# won't have been set, if the editor is a GUI application.)
exit $LASTEXITCODE
'@ |
Set-Content -Encoding Utf8 -LiteralPath $helperScriptFullName
}
# === UNINSTALL
function uninstall {
Write-Verbose ('Uninstalling shebang-script support for {0}:' -f ('the current user', 'ALL users')[$forAllUsers])
Write-Verbose 'Removing file type information from the registry...'
foreach ($regKey in $regkeyExtensionToFileType, $regkeyFileType) {
if (Test-Path -LiteralPath $regKey) {
Remove-Item -Force -Recurse -LiteralPath $regkey
}
}
# Get the current $env:PATHEXT definition from the registry.
$currPathExt = [Environment]::GetEnvironmentVariable('PATHEXT', ('User', 'Machine')[$forAllUsers])
# Remove the "." entry from $env:PATHEXT
$newPathExt = ($currPathExt -split ';' -ne '.') -join ';'
if ($newPathExt -eq $currPathExt) {
Write-Verbose "'.' is not contained in PATHEXT; nothing to do."
} else {
# For user-level uninstallations: as a courtesy, we compare the new PATHEXT value
# to the machine-level one, and, if they're now the same, simply REMOVE the user-level definition.
Write-Verbose "Removing '.' from PATHEXT..."
if (-not $forAllUsers) {
$machineLevelPathExt = [Environment]::GetEnvironmentVariable('PATHEXT', 'Machine')
if ($newPathExt -eq $machineLevelPathExt) { $newPathExt = $null }
Write-Verbose "User-level PATHEXT no longer needed, removing..."
}
[Environment]::SetEnvironmentVariable('PATHEXT', $newPathExt, ('User', 'Machine')[$forAllUsers])
# Also update for the running session
$env:PATHEXT = if ($newPathExt) { $newPathExt } else { $machineLevelPathExt }
}
Write-Verbose "Removing helper PowerShell script..."
if (Test-Path -LiteralPath $helperScriptFullName) {
Remove-Item -Force -LiteralPath $helperScriptFullName
}
}
# ---------------------- END: Internal helper functions
$forAllUsers = $Scope -eq 'AllUsers'
$verb = ('install', 'uninstall')[$Uninstall.IsPresent]
$operation = $verb + 'ation'
# If -Scope AllUsers was passed, ensure that the session is elevated.
$mustElevate = $forAllUsers -and -not ([Security.Principal.WindowsPrincipal] [Security.Principal.WindowsIdentity]::GetCurrent()).IsInRole('BUILTIN\Administrators')
if ($mustElevate) {
Throw "In order to $verb for ALL users, you must run this script WITH ELEVATED PRIVILEGES (Run As Administrator)."
}
# --- Define names, registry and file locations.
# The path of the generic shebang runner script that we'll create below.
$helperScriptFullName = Join-Path ($HOME, $env:ALLUSERSPROFILE)[$forAllUsers] 'Invoke-ShebangScript.ps1'
# The name of the file type to create for extension-less files.
$fileTypeName = 'ShebangScript'
# Registry keys that need to be modified.
# "." represents extension-less files
$regkeyExtensionToFileType = 'registry::{0}\SOFTWARE\Classes\.' -f ('HKEY_CURRENT_USER', 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE')[$forAllUsers]
$regkeyFileType = 'registry::{0}\SOFTWARE\Classes\{1}' -f ('HKEY_CURRENT_USER', 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE')[$forAllUsers], $fileTypeName
# ---
# Prompt for confirmation, unless -Force was passsed.
if ($Uninstall) { # UNINSTALL
if (-not $Force -and -not $PSCmdlet.ShouldContinue(@"
You are about to UNINSTALL support for direct execution of extension-less
script files that have shebang lines.
Uninstallation will be performed for $(("the CURRENT USER only`n(invoke as admin with -Scope AllUsers to change that)", 'ALL USERS')[$forAllUsers]).
IMPORTANT: Uninstallation will only be effective if it is performed in the same
(implied) -Scope as the original installation.
The following modifications to your system will be performed:
* "." will be persistently REMOVED from your `$env:PATHEXT variable.
* The following registry keys will be REMOVED:
$($regkeyExtensionToFileType -replace '^registry::')
$($regkeyFileType -replace '^registry::')
* The following helper PowerShell script will be REMOVED:
$helperScriptFullName
Press ENTER to proceed, or Ctrl-C to abort.
"@, "Shebang-Script Direct-Execution Support - Uninstallation")) { # , $true, [ref] $null, [ref] $null)) {
exit 1
}
# Call the uninstallation helper function
uninstall
} else { # INSTALL
if (-not $Force -and -not $PSCmdlet.ShouldContinue(@"
You are about to install support for direct execution of Unix-style scripts
that do not have a filename extension and instead define the interpreter to run
them with via shebangline ("#!/path/to/interpreter").
Support will be installed for $(("the CURRENT USER only`n(invoke as admin with -Scope AllUsers to change that)", 'ALL USERS')[$forAllUsers]).
Once installed, you will be able to run such scripts by direct invocation,
via a helper PowerShell script that analyzes the shebang line and calls the
appropriate interpreter.
CAVEATS:
* ENABLING THIS INVOCATION MECHANISM IS A SECURITY RISK, because any
plain-text file without an extension that has a shebang line
effectively becomes executable, potentially bypassing security features
that focus on files that have extensions known to be executable.
* AS OF POWERSHELL CORE 6.2.0, direct execution of such extension-less files
from PowerShell INVARIABLY RUNS IN A NEW CONSOLE WINDOW, WHICH MAKES USE
FROM POWERSHELL VIRTUALLY USELESS.
However, this is a BUG that should be fixed; see:
https://github.com/PowerShell/PowerShell/issues/7769
The following modifications to your system will be performed:
* "." will be added persistently to your `$env:PATHEXT variable, to enable
direct execution of filenames without extension.
NOTE: If you install with -Scope CurrentUser (the default), a static
user-level copy of the machine-level PATHEXT environment variable is
created, unless already present.
* The following registry locations will be created or replaced to define a
new file type for extension-less filenames:
$($regkeyExtensionToFileType -replace '^registry::')
$($regkeyFileType -replace '^registry::')
* The helper PowerShell script will be created in:
$helperScriptFullName
NOTE: Any existing registry definitions or helper script will be REPLACED.
Press ENTER to proceed, or CTRL-C to abort.
"@, "Shebang-Script Direct-Execution Support - Installation")) {
# !! The prompt defaults to *Yes* (!)
# !! Sadly, if we wanted the prompt to be default to *No*, we'de be forced
# !! to also present pointless 'Yes/No to *All*' prompts, which would be confusing.
# !! See https://github.com/PowerShell/PowerShell/issues/9428
exit 1
}
# Call the installation helper function
install
}
Write-Verbose "Shebang-support ${operation} completed."
if (-not $Force) {
Write-Host "Shebang-support ${operation} completed."
}
exit 0
来更方便，更有效地查找无扩展名的文件，但是此功能在PowerShell Core中已被破坏。 从v6.2.0开始-参见this GitHub issue。