我正在尝试将我的Python3软件包反向移植到Python2。我使用了pasteurize
,并且一切正常。我注意到它从builtins
导入了一些内容,包括str
,int
和super
。我想知道从builtins
导入所有内容是否安全。是的,我知道原则上asterisk import is considered bad practice是因为它会使当前的名称空间混乱,并不能清楚地指出要导入的内容并覆盖您不想要的名称。但是特别是对于builtins
来说,不是所有这些名称都已经作为名称出现,可以安全导入并且不应该破坏任何内容吗?
此外,如果在Python2代码中使用super
中的builtins
,是否可以不加任何参数地将其称为Python3的super
呢?是否存在边缘情况可能会被Python2破坏?
from builtins import * # is this frowned upon?
from future import standard_library
standard_library.install_aliases()
class Foo(object):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__() # is this always safe in python 2?
编辑1 :需要说明的是,对于Python2,builtins
来自future
,它不是Python3中的内置模块。
编辑2 :有些人建议调用不带参数的super
从不可行,并且从builtins
导入没有区别。显然这是错误的。
from __future__ import print_function
class Foo(object):
def __init__(self, x):
self.x = x
class Bar(object):
def __init__(self, x):
self.x = x + 1
class Baz(Bar, Foo):
def __init__(self, x):
super().__init__(x)
try:
b = Baz(1)
except TypeError as e:
# this will only happen in Python 2
print("Didn't work: {}; trying with builtins.super".format(str(e)))
from builtins import super
b = Baz(1) # this now works in Python 2.7 too
print(b.x)
答案 0 :(得分:1)
此super是可以正常工作的Python 3 super的重新实现,但不要指望它能像Python 3 super一样高效。
在Python 3中,编译器作弊,每当看到函数中引用的名称super
时,它都会自动向该函数添加一个名为__class__
的单元变量。 super
函数利用__class__
来弥补未传递给它的参数。您可以通过执行以下操作来看到实际效果:
class X:
def f(self):
super
return __class__
assert X().f() is X
assert X.f.__closure__[0].cell_contents is X
__class__
定义一次(第一次编译函数时)+,因此super进行的查找非常快。
newsuper
需要每次向下钻取MRO(和任何装饰器),以找出self
的类型和定义函数的类型。 这对于向后移植Python 3似乎很好(可能是为什么它存在于future.builtins
中)。 但是,否则您应该坚持使用标准的Python 2 super
,这样,阅读您的代码的人就不会对此感到惊讶。
实施:(摘自https://github.com/rfk/magicsuper/blob/master/magicsuper/_super.py(如future.builtins.newsuper
所述)
def super(typ=_SENTINEL, type_or_obj=_SENTINEL, framedepth=1):
'''Like builtin super(), but capable of magic.
This acts just like the builtin super() function, but if called
without any arguments it attempts to infer them at runtime.
'''
# Infer the correct call if used without arguments.
if typ is _SENTINEL:
# We'll need to do some frame hacking.
f = sys._getframe(framedepth)
try:
# Get the function's first positional argument.
type_or_obj = f.f_locals[f.f_code.co_varnames[0]]
except (IndexError,KeyError,):
raise RuntimeError('super() used in a function with no args')
try:
# Get the MRO so we can crawl it.
mro = type_or_obj.__mro__
except AttributeError:
try:
mro = type_or_obj.__class__.__mro__
except AttributeError:
raise RuntimeError('super() used with a non-newstyle class')
# A ``for...else`` block? Yes! It's odd, but useful.
# If unfamiliar with for...else, see:
#
# http://psung.blogspot.com/2007/12/for-else-in-python.html
for typ in mro:
# Find the class that owns the currently-executing method.
for meth in typ.__dict__.itervalues():
# Drill down through any wrappers to the underlying func.
# This handles e.g. classmethod() and staticmethod().
try:
while not isinstance(meth,FunctionType):
try:
meth = meth.__func__
except AttributeError:
meth = meth.__get__(type_or_obj)
except (AttributeError, TypeError):
continue
if meth.func_code is f.f_code:
break # Aha! Found you.
else:
continue # Not found! Move onto the next class in MRO.
break # Found! Break out of the search loop.
else:
raise RuntimeError('super() called outside a method')
# Dispatch to builtin super().
if type_or_obj is not _SENTINEL:
return _builtin_super(typ,type_or_obj)
return _builtin_super(typ)
答案 1 :(得分:-1)
我注意到它从内置函数中导入了一些东西,包括str,int和super
您不需要{@ {1}}从bultins收集的东西,因为它们都是默认情况下导入的。
将其称为没有参数的Python3的
import
是否安全?
否-super
不向后兼容,因此您必须在此处传递参数:
Python 3:
super
Python 2:
class Foo(object):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()