最近我开始学习Promela,我想从盒子中挑选两个球,其中我有10个黑球和4个白球,我可以将盒子建模为数组,但是我不知道如何同时选择2个球。从剩下的那些中选择一个然后再选择另一个将改变概率。你有什么想法吗?
答案 0 :(得分:1)
当您只需要从idx
个数字的连续间隔idy
中提取仅对值[LOW, UPP]
和N = UPP - LOW + 1
时,可以通过以下方法可以轻松解决保证idx != idy
的问题:
idx
中挑选[LOW, UPP]
idy
中挑选[LOW, UPP - 1]
调整idy
wrt的值。 idx
的值如下:
idy = LOW + (((idx - LOW) + 1 + (idy - LOW)) % N)
,也就是说,您将idy
解释为固定位移wrt。 idx
。请注意,这种方法不会影响idy
的概率分布,尤其是从概率的角度来看,它不会使idy
依赖于idx
。
示例:
#define BLACK_BALLS 4
#define WHITE_BALLS 10
#define TOTAL_BALLS 14
bool box[TOTAL_BALLS];
inline my_select(var, upper) {
if
:: 0 <= upper -> var = 0;
:: 1 <= upper -> var = 1;
:: 2 <= upper -> var = 2;
:: 3 <= upper -> var = 3;
:: 4 <= upper -> var = 4;
:: 5 <= upper -> var = 5;
:: 6 <= upper -> var = 6;
:: 7 <= upper -> var = 7;
:: 8 <= upper -> var = 8;
:: 9 <= upper -> var = 9;
:: 10 <= upper -> var = 10;
:: 11 <= upper -> var = 11;
:: 12 <= upper -> var = 12;
:: 13 <= upper -> var = 13;
fi;
}
proctype pick_two_balls() {
byte idx;
byte idy;
my_select(idx, TOTAL_BALLS - 1);
my_select(idy, TOTAL_BALLS - 2);
printf("Initial picks:\n")
printf("\tpicked %d in [0, %d]\n", idx, TOTAL_BALLS - 1);
printf("\tpicked %d in [0, %d]\n", idy, TOTAL_BALLS - 2);
idy = ((idx + 1) + idy) % (TOTAL_BALLS);
printf("Adjusted picks:\n");
printf("\tball #01 at index %d\n", idx);
printf("\tball #02 at index %d\n", idy);
printf("Final Balls:\n");
if
:: box[idx] -> printf("\tbox[%d] = black\n", idx);
:: !box[idx] -> printf("\tbox[%d] = white\n", idx);
fi;
if
:: box[idy] -> printf("\tbox[%d] = black\n", idy);
:: !box[idy] -> printf("\tbox[%d] = white\n", idy);
fi;
}
init {
byte idx = 0;
byte todo = BLACK_BALLS;
do // not guaranteed to terminate!
:: todo > 0 ->
my_select(idx, TOTAL_BALLS - 1) ->
if
:: box[idx] ->
skip;
:: else ->
box[idx] = true;
todo = todo - 1;
fi;
:: else ->
break;
od;
for (idx: 0 .. TOTAL_BALLS - 1) {
if
:: box[idx] ->
printf("box[%d] = black\n", idx);
:: !box[idx] ->
printf("box[%d] = white\n", idx);
fi;
}
run pick_two_balls();
}
输出:
~$ spin p.pml
box[0] = white
box[1] = black
box[2] = white
box[3] = white
box[4] = white
box[5] = white
box[6] = white
box[7] = white
box[8] = white
box[9] = white
box[10] = white
box[11] = black
box[12] = black
box[13] = black
Initial picks:
picked 9 in [0, 13]
picked 7 in [0, 12]
Adjusted picks:
ball #01 at index 9
ball #02 at index 3
Final Balls:
box[9] = white
box[3] = white
2 processes created
注释#1::在正常情况下,我会使用select
语句而不是编写自己的my_select(var, upper)
函数。但是,select
不能保证分配给var
的值是采用均匀分布进行的,我认为这对您来说可能是个问题。
注释#2::当您需要提取多个索引时,上述数学表达式将无济于事。但是,您可以在机械意义上应用相同的原理:将used_indexes
保留为bool的支持数组,如果某个索引使用了位置k
,则true
为i
。每次选择新的索引i
时,都将从数组的开头开始计算空单元格,然后将i = 0
减1。 j
有了您要在原始数组中使用的“真实索引” used_indexes
,因此您将该位置标记为 <div class="row">
<div class="col-md-8">
<!--======= grid view product =======-->
<div class="my-custom-div-style">
<?php
if ( woocommerce_product_loop() ) {
do_action( 'woocommerce_before_shop_loop' );
woocommerce_product_loop_start();
if ( wc_get_loop_prop( 'total' ) ) {
while ( have_posts() ) {
the_post();
do_action( 'woocommerce_shop_loop' );
wc_get_template_part( 'content', 'product' );
}
}
woocommerce_product_loop_end();
do_action( 'woocommerce_after_shop_loop' );
} else {
do_action( 'woocommerce_no_products_found' );
}
?>
</div>
</div>
</div>
中使用的位置。