Question

我有两个模型，如下所示。我希望能够通过django ORM执行此查询，本质上是给我CustomUser类以及两个派生字段：max（message.sent_at）和max（当read_at为null时为1，否则为0结束）。这两个字段使我能够按用户名和最新活动对消息的线程进行排序。

这是我的课程：

class CustomUser(AbstractBaseUser, PermissionsMixin):
    username_validator = UnicodeUsernameValidator()

    username = models.CharField(_('username'), max_length=150, unique=True, help_text=_('Required. 150 characters or fewer. Letters, digits and @/./+/-/_ only.'), validators=[username_validator], error_messages={'unique': _('A user with that username already exists.'),},)
    email = models.EmailField(_('email address'), blank=True)
    first_name = models.CharField(_('first name'), max_length=30, blank=True)
    last_name = models.CharField(_('last name'), max_length=150, blank=True)
    is_staff = models.BooleanField(_('staff status'), default=False, help_text=_('Designates whether the user can log into this admin site.'),)
    is_active = models.BooleanField(_('active'), default=True, help_text=_('Designates whether this user should be treated as active. Unselect this instead of deleting accounts.'),)
    date_joined = models.DateTimeField(_('date joined'), default=timezone.now)
    bio = models.TextField(max_length=500, null=True, blank=True)
    location = models.CharField(max_length=30, null=True, blank=True)
    birth_date = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)
    phone_number = PhoneNumberField(default='+10000000000')
    gender = models.CharField(max_length=32, choices=[(tag.name, tag.value) for tag in GenderChoice], default=GenderChoice.UNSPECIFIED.value)

    objects = UserManager()
    EMAIL_FIELD = 'email'
    USERNAME_FIELD = 'username'
    REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['email']
    class Meta:
        ordering = ['username']
        verbose_name = _('user')
        verbose_name_plural = _('users')

和

class Message(AbstractIP):
    subject = models.CharField(_('Subject'), max_length=120, blank=True)
    body = models.TextField(_('Body')) # Do we want to cap length or enforce non-blank?
    sender = models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, related_name='sender_messages', verbose_name=_('Sender'), on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    recipient = models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, related_name='receiver_messages', verbose_name=_('Recipient'), blank=True, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    parent_msg = models.ForeignKey('self', related_name='next_messages', null=True, blank=True, verbose_name=_('Parent message'), on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    sent_at = models.DateTimeField(_('sent at'), null=True, blank=True)
    read_at = models.DateTimeField(_('read at'), null=True, blank=True)
    replied_at = models.DateTimeField(_('replied at'), null=True, blank=True)
    sender_deleted_at = models.DateTimeField(_('Sender deleted at'), null=True, blank=True)
    recipient_deleted_at = models.DateTimeField(_('Recipient deleted at'), null=True, blank=True)
    ip = models.GenericIPAddressField(verbose_name=_('IP'), null=True, blank=True)
    user_agent = models.CharField(verbose_name=_('User Agent'), blank=True, max_length=255)

    objects = MessageManager() # Manager for Message queries

    def new(self):
        """Returns whether the recipient has read the message or not"""
        if self.read_at is not None:
            return False
        return True

    def replied(self):
        """Returns whether the recipient has written a reply to this message"""
        if self.replied_at is not None:
            return True
        return False

    def __str__(self):
        if self.subject is not None:
            return self.subject
        if self.body is not None:
            return self.body[:40]
        return None

    def get_absolute_url(self):
        return reverse('messages_detail', args=[self.id])

    def save(self, **kwargs):
        if not self.id:
            self.sent_at = timezone.now()
        super(Message, self).save(**kwargs)

    class Meta:
        ordering = ['-sent_at']
        verbose_name = _('Message')
        verbose_name_plural = _('Messages')

我希望能够执行的查询与此等效，但是我无法弄清楚如何在ORM中做到这一点，其中％s是给定用户的CustomUser.id（pk）字段的占位符。 / p>

SELECT webrtc_customuser.*
      ,MAX(webrtc_message.sent_at) AS sent_at
      ,MAX(CASE WHEN webrtc_message.read_at IS NULL AND webrtc_customuser.id <> webrtc_message.sender_id THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS has_unread
FROM webrtc_customuser
INNER JOIN webrtc_message
  ON (
    webrtc_customuser.id = webrtc_message.sender_id
    AND webrtc_message.sender_id = %s
    AND webrtc_message.sender_deleted_at IS NULL
  ) OR (
    webrtc_customuser.id = webrtc_message.recipient_id
    AND webrtc_message.recipient_id = %s
    AND webrtc_message.recipient_deleted_at IS NULL
  )

我通过以下查询设法获得了正确的user_id和派生字段，但无法弄清楚如何将CustomUser属性与它们并列。

messages = self.values(
    user_fk=Case(When(sender=user, then='recipient'), default='sender', output_field=models.IntegerField())
).exclude(
    sender=user, recipient=user
).filter(
    Q(sender=user, sender_deleted_at__isnull=True) |
    Q(recipient=user, recipient_deleted_at__isnull=True)
).annotate(
    max_sent_at=Max('sent_at'),
    has_unread=Max(Case(When(~Q(sender=user) & Q(read_at__isnull=True), then=1), default=0, output_field=models.IntegerField()))
).order_by()

提前感谢您的时间！

编辑：更新了ORM查询

Answer 1

您需要分别指定所需的用户属性：

messages = self.values(
    user_email=Case(When(sender=user, then='recipient__email'), default='sender__email'),
    user_username=Case(When(sender=user, then='recipient__username'), default='sender__username'),
)

不太漂亮，特别是因为您必须为每一列重复CASE语句，甚至可能需要为每一列指定一个output_field。

要解决这个问题，即。要获得所有用户属性而无需一一选择，则需要a）从CustomUser.object中进行选择（确定如何选择相关用户并获取相关注释），或b）选择完整的消息对象而不只是values()字典。然后，您可以通过message.sender和message.recipient访问完整的用户对象。但是这里再次面临的挑战是如何使用子查询过滤和注释messages查询集，因为仅省略values()将会破坏注释中的聚合，因为每个消息对象都是唯一的。

派生查询的Django内部联接

1 个答案: