我正在尝试安装R（3.2.1）和较旧的版本，并按照此页面上的说明进行操作：https://www.miskatonic.org/2015/06/23/installing-r-from-source/
根据网页的建议，我卸载了R
usr@ubuntu:/usr/lib/R/R-3.2.1$ R
The program 'R' is currently not installed. You can install it by typing:
sudo apt install r-base-core
我很肯定安装了“ make”：
usr@ubuntu:/usr/lib/R/R-3.2.1$ sudo apt-get install make
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
make is already the newest version (4.1-6).
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 2 not upgraded.
我跑步时
$ ./configure
$ make
我得到以下信息（我不确定什么是正常的，什么是错误消息）。此外，还将创建以下文件：Makeconf.in，Makefile.fw，Makefile.in
usr@ubuntu:/usr/lib/R/R-3.2.1$ sudo ./configure
checking build system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
checking host system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
loading site script './config.site'
loading build-specific script './config.site'
checking for pwd... /bin/pwd
checking whether builddir is srcdir... yes
checking for working aclocal... found
checking for working autoconf... found
checking for working automake... found
checking for working autoheader... found
checking for gawk... gawk
checking whether ln -s works... yes
checking for bison... no
checking for byacc... no
checking for ar... ar
checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
checking for sed... /bin/sed
checking for which... /usr/bin/which
checking for less... /usr/bin/less
checking for gtar... no
checking for gnutar... no
checking for tar... /bin/tar
checking for tex... no
checking for pdftex... no
configure: WARNING: you cannot build PDF versions of the R manuals
checking for pdflatex... no
configure: WARNING: you cannot build PDF versions of vignettes and help pages
checking for makeindex... no
checking for texi2any... no
configure: WARNING: you cannot build info or HTML versions of the R manuals
checking for texi2dvi... no
checking for kpsewhich... no
checking for latex inconsolata package... checking for unzip... /usr/bin/unzip
checking for zip... /usr/bin/zip
checking for gzip... /bin/gzip
checking for bzip2... /bin/bzip2
checking for firefox... /usr/bin/firefox
using default browser ... /usr/bin/firefox
checking for acroread... no
checking for acroread4... no
checking for xdg-open... /usr/bin/xdg-open
checking for notangle... false
checking for realpath... /usr/bin/realpath
checking for pkg-config... /usr/bin/pkg-config
checking for gcc... gcc
checking whether the C compiler works... yes
checking for C compiler default output file name... a.out
checking for suffix of executables...
checking whether we are cross compiling... no
checking for suffix of object files... o
checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes
checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes
checking for gcc option to accept ISO C89... none needed
checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E
checking for grep that handles long lines and -e... /bin/grep
checking for egrep... /bin/grep -E
checking whether gcc needs -traditional... no
checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E
checking for f95... f95
checking whether we are using the GNU Fortran 77 compiler... yes
checking whether f95 accepts -g... yes
checking for g++... g++
checking whether we are using the GNU C++ compiler... yes
checking whether g++ accepts -g... yes
checking how to run the C++ preprocessor... g++ -E
checking whether __attribute__((visibility())) is supported... yes
checking whether gcc accepts -fvisibility... yes
checking whether f95 accepts -fvisibility... yes
checking for ANSI C header files... yes
checking for sys/types.h... yes
checking for sys/stat.h... yes
checking for stdlib.h... yes
checking for string.h... yes
checking for memory.h... yes
checking for strings.h... yes
checking for inttypes.h... yes
checking for stdint.h... yes
checking for unistd.h... yes
checking minix/config.h usability... no
checking minix/config.h presence... no
checking for minix/config.h... no
checking whether it is safe to define __EXTENSIONS__... yes
checking for gcc... gcc
checking whether we are using the GNU Objective C compiler... no
checking whether gcc accepts -g... no
checking for Objective C++ compiler... trying some possibilities
checking whether g++ can compile ObjC++... no
checking whether can compile ObjC++... no
no working ObjC++ compiler found
checking for a sed that does not truncate output... (cached) /bin/sed
checking for fgrep... /bin/grep -F
checking for ld used by gcc... /usr/bin/ld
checking if the linker (/usr/bin/ld) is GNU ld... yes
checking for BSD- or MS-compatible name lister (nm)... /usr/bin/nm -B
checking the name lister (/usr/bin/nm -B) interface... BSD nm
checking the maximum length of command line arguments... 1572864
checking whether the shell understands some XSI constructs... yes
checking whether the shell understands "+="... yes
checking for /usr/bin/ld option to reload object files... -r
checking for objdump... objdump
checking how to recognize dependent libraries... pass_all
checking for strip... strip
checking for ranlib... ranlib
checking command to parse /usr/bin/nm -B output from gcc object... ok
checking for dlfcn.h... yes
checking whether we are using the GNU C++ compiler... (cached) yes
checking whether g++ accepts -g... (cached) yes
checking how to run the C++ preprocessor... g++ -E
checking whether we are using the GNU Fortran 77 compiler... (cached) yes
checking whether f95 accepts -g... (cached) yes
checking for objdir... .libs
checking if gcc supports -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions... no
checking for gcc option to produce PIC... -fPIC -DPIC
checking if gcc PIC flag -fPIC -DPIC works... yes
checking if gcc static flag -static works... yes
checking if gcc supports -c -o file.o... yes
checking if gcc supports -c -o file.o... (cached) yes
checking whether the gcc linker (/usr/bin/ld) supports shared libraries... yes
checking whether -lc should be explicitly linked in... no
checking dynamic linker characteristics... GNU/Linux ld.so
checking how to hardcode library paths into programs... immediate
checking whether stripping libraries is possible... yes
checking if libtool supports shared libraries... yes
checking whether to build shared libraries... yes
checking whether to build static libraries... no
checking for ld used by g++... /usr/bin/ld
checking if the linker (/usr/bin/ld) is GNU ld... yes
checking whether the g++ linker (/usr/bin/ld) supports shared libraries... yes
checking for g++ option to produce PIC... -fPIC -DPIC
checking if g++ PIC flag -fPIC -DPIC works... yes
checking if g++ static flag -static works... yes
checking if g++ supports -c -o file.o... yes
checking if g++ supports -c -o file.o... (cached) yes
checking whether the g++ linker (/usr/bin/ld) supports shared libraries... yes
checking dynamic linker characteristics... GNU/Linux ld.so
checking how to hardcode library paths into programs... immediate
checking if libtool supports shared libraries... yes
checking whether to build shared libraries... yes
checking whether to build static libraries... no
checking for f95 option to produce PIC... -fPIC
checking if f95 PIC flag -fPIC works... yes
checking if f95 static flag -static works... yes
checking if f95 supports -c -o file.o... yes
checking if f95 supports -c -o file.o... (cached) yes
checking whether the f95 linker (/usr/bin/ld) supports shared libraries... yes
checking dynamic linker characteristics... GNU/Linux ld.so
checking how to hardcode library paths into programs... immediate
checking for cos in -lm... yes
checking for sin in -lm... yes
checking for dlopen in -ldl... yes
checking readline/history.h usability... no
checking readline/history.h presence... no
checking for readline/history.h... no
checking readline/readline.h usability... no
checking readline/readline.h presence... no
checking for readline/readline.h... no
checking for rl_callback_read_char in -lreadline... no
checking for main in -lncurses... yes
checking for rl_callback_read_char in -lreadline... no
checking for history_truncate_file... no
configure: error: --with-readline=yes (default) and headers/libs are not available
usr@ubuntu:/usr/lib/R/R-3.2.1$ make
make: *** No targets specified and no makefile found. Stop.
我也尝试按照此处的说明进行操作：Installing older version of R，但是R版本3.2.1未在目录（xenial）中列出。
有人对我如何完成此版本R的安装有任何建议吗？我非常感谢您的帮助-啊
编辑： 现在，进入“ ./configure”步骤时，我收到以下消息：
usr@ubuntu:~/Downloads/R-3.2.1$ ./configure --prefix=/home/usr/Downloads/R3.2.1_VERSION --enable-R-shlib --with-blas --with-lapack
checking build system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
checking host system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
loading site script './config.site'
loading build-specific script './config.site'
checking for pwd... /bin/pwd
checking whether builddir is srcdir... yes
checking for working aclocal... found
checking for working autoconf... found
checking for working automake... found
checking for working autoheader... found
checking for gawk... gawk
checking whether ln -s works... yes
checking for bison... no
checking for byacc... no
checking for ar... ar
checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
checking for sed... /bin/sed
checking for which... /usr/bin/which
checking for less... /usr/bin/less
checking for gtar... no
checking for gnutar... no
checking for tar... /bin/tar
checking for tex... no
checking for pdftex... no
configure: WARNING: you cannot build PDF versions of the R manuals
checking for pdflatex... no
configure: WARNING: you cannot build PDF versions of vignettes and help pages
checking for makeindex... no
checking for texi2any... no
configure: WARNING: you cannot build info or HTML versions of the R manuals
checking for texi2dvi... no
checking for kpsewhich... no
checking for latex inconsolata package... checking for unzip... /usr/bin/unzip
checking for zip... /usr/bin/zip
checking for gzip... /bin/gzip
checking for bzip2... /bin/bzip2
checking for firefox... /usr/bin/firefox
using default browser ... /usr/bin/firefox
checking for acroread... no
checking for acroread4... no
checking for xdg-open... /usr/bin/xdg-open
checking for notangle... false
checking for realpath... /usr/bin/realpath
checking for pkg-config... /usr/bin/pkg-config
checking for gcc... gcc
checking whether the C compiler works... yes
checking for C compiler default output file name... a.out
checking for suffix of executables...
checking whether we are cross compiling... no
checking for suffix of object files... o
checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes
checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes
checking for gcc option to accept ISO C89... none needed
checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E
checking for grep that handles long lines and -e... /bin/grep
checking for egrep... /bin/grep -E
checking whether gcc needs -traditional... no
checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E
checking for f95... f95
checking whether we are using the GNU Fortran 77 compiler... yes
checking whether f95 accepts -g... yes
checking for g++... g++
checking whether we are using the GNU C++ compiler... yes
checking whether g++ accepts -g... yes
checking how to run the C++ preprocessor... g++ -E
checking whether __attribute__((visibility())) is supported... yes
checking whether gcc accepts -fvisibility... yes
checking whether f95 accepts -fvisibility... yes
checking for ANSI C header files... yes
checking for sys/types.h... yes
checking for sys/stat.h... yes
checking for stdlib.h... yes
checking for string.h... yes
checking for memory.h... yes
checking for strings.h... yes
checking for inttypes.h... yes
checking for stdint.h... yes
checking for unistd.h... yes
checking minix/config.h usability... no
checking minix/config.h presence... no
checking for minix/config.h... no
checking whether it is safe to define __EXTENSIONS__... yes
checking for gcc... gcc
checking whether we are using the GNU Objective C compiler... no
checking whether gcc accepts -g... no
checking for Objective C++ compiler... trying some possibilities
checking whether g++ can compile ObjC++... no
checking whether can compile ObjC++... no
no working ObjC++ compiler found
checking for a sed that does not truncate output... (cached) /bin/sed
checking for fgrep... /bin/grep -F
checking for ld used by gcc... /usr/bin/ld
checking if the linker (/usr/bin/ld) is GNU ld... yes
checking for BSD- or MS-compatible name lister (nm)... /usr/bin/nm -B
checking the name lister (/usr/bin/nm -B) interface... BSD nm
checking the maximum length of command line arguments... 1572864
checking whether the shell understands some XSI constructs... yes
checking whether the shell understands "+="... yes
checking for /usr/bin/ld option to reload object files... -r
checking for objdump... objdump
checking how to recognize dependent libraries... pass_all
checking for strip... strip
checking for ranlib... ranlib
checking command to parse /usr/bin/nm -B output from gcc object... ok
checking for dlfcn.h... yes
checking whether we are using the GNU C++ compiler... (cached) yes
checking whether g++ accepts -g... (cached) yes
checking how to run the C++ preprocessor... g++ -E
checking whether we are using the GNU Fortran 77 compiler... (cached) yes
checking whether f95 accepts -g... (cached) yes
checking for objdir... .libs
checking if gcc supports -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions... no
checking for gcc option to produce PIC... -fPIC -DPIC
checking if gcc PIC flag -fPIC -DPIC works... yes
checking if gcc static flag -static works... yes
checking if gcc supports -c -o file.o... yes
checking if gcc supports -c -o file.o... (cached) yes
checking whether the gcc linker (/usr/bin/ld) supports shared libraries... yes
checking whether -lc should be explicitly linked in... no
checking dynamic linker characteristics... GNU/Linux ld.so
checking how to hardcode library paths into programs... immediate
checking whether stripping libraries is possible... yes
checking if libtool supports shared libraries... yes
checking whether to build shared libraries... yes
checking whether to build static libraries... no
checking for ld used by g++... /usr/bin/ld
checking if the linker (/usr/bin/ld) is GNU ld... yes
checking whether the g++ linker (/usr/bin/ld) supports shared libraries... yes
checking for g++ option to produce PIC... -fPIC -DPIC
checking if g++ PIC flag -fPIC -DPIC works... yes
checking if g++ static flag -static works... yes
checking if g++ supports -c -o file.o... yes
checking if g++ supports -c -o file.o... (cached) yes
checking whether the g++ linker (/usr/bin/ld) supports shared libraries... yes
checking dynamic linker characteristics... GNU/Linux ld.so
checking how to hardcode library paths into programs... immediate
checking if libtool supports shared libraries... yes
checking whether to build shared libraries... yes
checking whether to build static libraries... no
checking for f95 option to produce PIC... -fPIC
checking if f95 PIC flag -fPIC works... yes
checking if f95 static flag -static works... yes
checking if f95 supports -c -o file.o... yes
checking if f95 supports -c -o file.o... (cached) yes
checking whether the f95 linker (/usr/bin/ld) supports shared libraries... yes
checking dynamic linker characteristics... GNU/Linux ld.so
checking how to hardcode library paths into programs... immediate
checking for cos in -lm... yes
checking for sin in -lm... yes
checking for dlopen in -ldl... yes
checking readline/history.h usability... no
checking readline/history.h presence... no
checking for readline/history.h... no
checking readline/readline.h usability... no
checking readline/readline.h presence... no
checking for readline/readline.h... no
checking for rl_callback_read_char in -lreadline... no
checking for main in -lncurses... yes
checking for rl_callback_read_char in -lreadline... no
checking for history_truncate_file... no
configure: error: --with-readline=yes (default) and headers/libs are not available
usr@ubuntu:~/Downloads/R-3.2.1$ make
make: *** No targets specified and no makefile found. Stop.
编辑2： 尝试安装readline-devel和xorg-dev时遇到错误：
usr@ubuntu:~$ sudo apt-get install readline-devel
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
E: Unable to locate package readline-devel
usr@ubuntu:~$ sudo apt-get install xorg-dev
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
xorg-dev : Depends: libxaw7-dev but it is not going to be installed
Depends: libxcursor-dev but it is not going to be installed
Depends: libxfont-dev but it is not going to be installed
Depends: libxft-dev but it is not going to be installed
Depends: libxpm-dev but it is not going to be installed
Depends: xserver-xorg-dev but it is not going to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
答案 0 :(得分：0)
请尝试以下步骤：
首先确定您是否具有libxt-dev和jdk。
dpkg -l <package name>
如果不执行以下命令，则：
sudo apt -f install && sudo apt update && sudo apt dist-upgrade
sudo apt-get install build-essential
sudo apt-get install fort77
sudo apt-get install xorg-dev
sudo apt-get install liblzma-dev libblas-dev gfortran
sudo apt-get install gcc-multilib
sudo apt-get install gobjc++
sudo apt-get install aptitude
sudo aptitude install libreadline-dev
sudo apt-get install libxt-dev
sudo apt-get install default-jdk
然后下载您喜欢的R版本并执行以下操作：
wget https://cran.r-project.org/src/base/R-3/R-3.2.1.tar.gz
mkdir R-3.2.1
mv R-3.2.1.tar.gz R-3.2.1/
cd R-3.2.1/
tar -xzvf R-3.2.1.tar.gz
接下来，为R的二进制版本创建另一个文件夹，并在此处使用该文件夹：
mkdir <full path>/R3.2.1_VERSION
从源代码构建R，请确保在前缀中添加完整路径
./configure --prefix=<full path>/R3.2.1_OLDERVERSION --enable-R-shlib --with-blas --with-lapack
make
sudo make install
完成后，请设置环境变量以确保调用正确的R版本
export PATH=<full path>/R3.2.1_VERSION/bin:$PATH
如果一切顺利，则在运行R时可以看到当前的R版本为3.2.1。 如果要切换到其他版本的R，请按照以下步骤将环境变量更改为您帐户中R包的首选版本：
export PATH=<full path>/R<your preferred>_VERSION/bin:$PATH