后台execvp:如何正确执行?

时间:2019-02-04 00:16:20

标签: c shell posix

与其他许多实例一样,我正在尝试模拟外壳。我已经在来自用户的字符串上正确使用execvp。解析该字符串并生成一个字符串数组(每个单词都有其数组,在space字符上拆分),最后包括一个NULL

当我发现用户输入的最后一个单词是&时,我设置了一个标志来通知我的shell该命令将在后台执行,同时让用户立即输入另一个命令。 “背景执行”命令在传递给&的字符串数组中看到其NULLexecvp字符替换。

实际上,我一直在尝试使用pthread在后​​台运行该进程,但是这样做有些奇怪:通过线程功能传递给execvp的命令要求我发送命令后,按两次ENTER

这是我简化的main函数,用于模拟shell:

int main (void) {

    fprintf (stdout, "%% ");

    bool running = true;

    while(running) {

        /* Ask for an instruction and parses it. */
        char** args = query_and_split_input();

        /* Executing the commands. */
        if (args == NULL) {  // error while reading input
            running = false;
        } else {
            printf("shell processing new command\n");

            int count = count_words(args);
            split_line* line = form_split_line(args, count);
            Expression* ast = parse_line(line, 0, line->size - 1);

            if(line->thread_flag) {
                pthread_t cmd_thr;

                /* Setting up the content of the thread. */
                thread_data_t       thr_data;
                thr_data.ast        = *ast;
                thr_data.line       = *line;

                /* Executing the thread. */
                int thr_err;
                if ((thr_err = pthread_create(&cmd_thr, NULL, thr_func, &thr_data))) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "error: pthread_create, rc: %d\n", thr_err);
                    return EXIT_FAILURE;
                }
                printf("thread has been created.\n");

            } else {
                run_shell(args);
            }
            free(line);

            printf("done running shell on one command\n");
        }
    }

    /* We're all done here. See you! */
    printf("Bye!\n");
    exit (0);
}

这是我线程的功能:

void *thr_func(void *arg) {
    thread_data_t *data = (thread_data_t *)arg;

    data->line.content[data->line.size-1] = NULL;  // to replace the trailing '&' from the command
    run_shell(data->line.content);

    printf("thread should have ran the command\n");
    pthread_exit(NULL);
}

运行命令的实际行:

void run_shell(char** args) {

    /* Forking. */
    int status;
    pid_t    pid; /* Right here, the created THREAD somehow awaits a second 'ENTER' before going on and executing the next instruction that forks the process. This is the subject of my first question. */
    pid = fork();

    if (pid < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "fork failed");

    } else if (pid == 0) {  // child
        printf("Child executing the command.\n");

        /* Executing the commands. */
        execvp(args[0], args);

        /* Child process failed. */
        printf("execvp didn't finish properly: running exit on child process\n");
        exit(-1);


    } else {  // back in parent
        waitpid(-1, &status, 0);  // wait for child to finish

        if (WIFEXITED(status)) { printf("OK: Child exited with exit status %d.\n", WEXITSTATUS(status)); }
        else { printf("ERROR: Child has not terminated correctly. Status is: %d\n", status); }

        free(args);
        printf("Terminating parent of the child.\n");
    }
}

因此,基本上,例如,run_shell(args)接收的是["echo","bob","is","great",NULL](在顺序执行的情况下)或["echo","bob","is","great",NULL,NULL](在要执行的命令中背景)。

我已经离开了printf跟踪,因为它可以帮助您了解执行流程。

如果我输入echo bob is great,则输出(打印轨迹)为:

shell processing new command
Child executing the command.
bob is great
OK: Child exited with exit status 0.
Terminating parent of the child.
done running shell on one command

但是,如果我输入echo bob is great &,则输出为:

shell processing new command
thread has been created.
done running shell on one command

然后我实际上需要再次按ENTER来获得以下输出:

Child executing the command.
bob is great
OK: Child exited with exit status 0.
Terminating parent of the child.
thread should have ran the command

(在最后一次执行时,我还获得了查询和解析用户输入的函数的痕迹,但这似乎无关紧要,因此我将整个部分进行了抽象。)

所以我的问题是

  1. 创建的线程如何在运行ENTER之前等待第二个execvp? (thr_func停止执行run_shell,并等待ENTER指令之前的第二个pid = fork();
  2. 我有解决当前问题的正确方法吗? (尝试在后台执行shell命令。)

1 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:2)

您不能使用线程来模拟进程。好吧,严格来说可以,但是这样做是没有用的。问题是属于一个进程的所有线程共享相同的虚拟地址空间。没有理由创建线程,因为您最终需要fork()来创建一个新进程(出于下面说明的原因,您将需要此线程),因此,如果其中一个线程将被停止,为什么还要创建两个执行线程一直在等待子进程完成。在该架构上没有用。

从历史上来看,需要fork()系统调用是为了创建一个新进程(具有不同的虚拟内存映射)以进行简单的调用,以允许执行新程序。您需要先创建一个完整的新进程,然后再调用exec(2)系统调用,因为进程地址空间将被新程序的text和data段覆盖。如果在线程中执行此操作,则将覆盖整个进程地址空间(这是外壳),并杀死所有可以代表该进程运行的线程。遵循的架构是(伪代码):

/* create pipes for redirection here, before fork()ing, so they are available
 * in the parent process and the child process */
int fds[2];
if (pipe(fds) < 0) { /* error */
    ... /* do error treatment */
}
pid_t child_pid = fork();
switch(child_pid) {
case -1: /* fork failed for some reason, no subprocess created */
    ...
    break;
case 0: /* this code is executed in the childd process, do redirections
         * here on pipes acquired ***before*** the fork() call */
        if (dup2(0 /* or 1, or 2... */, fds[0 /* or 1, or 2... */]) < 0) { /* error */
            ... /* do error management, considering you are in a different process now */
        }
        execvpe(argc, argv, envp);
        ... /* do error management, as execvpe failed (exec* is non-returning if ok) */
        break; /* or exit(2) or whatever */ 
    default: /* we are the parent, use the return value to track the child */
        save_child_pid(child_pid);
        ... /* close the unused file descriptors */
        close(fds[1 /* or 0, or 2, ... */]);
        ... /* more bookkeeping */
        /* next depends on if you have to wait for the child or not */
        wait*(...);  /* wait has several flavours */
} /* switch */

Exec和fork系统调用有两个原因:

  • 您需要能够在两次调用之间进行内务处理,以在exec()之前在子级中执行实际的重定向。
  • 曾经有一段时间,unix不是多任务处理或受保护的,而exec调用只是用要执行的新程序(包括内核代码)替换了系统中的所有内存,以应对未受保护的系统可能损坏的事实通过执行程序)这在旧的操作系统中很常见,我已经在CP / M或TRS-DOS之类的系统上看到过。 UNIX中的实现几乎保留了exec()调用的所有语义,并仅向fork()添加了不可用的功能。这样做很好,因为它允许在管道到达时父母和子进程都进行必要的簿记工作。

仅当您可能需要使用不同的线程来执行任务时,才需要与每个孩子进行通信的线程。但是,请考虑一个线程与父对象共享所有虚拟空间(我们可以讨论线程之间的父/子关系),如果执行exec调用,整个过程将覆盖该虚拟空间(所有线程在那里)