引起原因：com.android.tools.r8.errors.CompilationError：程序类型已存在：com.google.protobuf.DescriptorProtos $ 1

Question

我陷入了这个错误。也无法生成APK。

应用程序级别build.gradle

apply plugin: 'com.android.application'
android {
compileSdkVersion 28
defaultConfig {
    applicationId "com.xyz"
    minSdkVersion 16
    targetSdkVersion 28
    versionCode 1
    versionName "1.0"
    testInstrumentationRunner "android.support.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
    multiDexEnabled true
}
buildTypes {
    release {
        minifyEnabled false
        proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android.txt'), 'proguard-rules.pro'
    }
    debug {
        zipAlignEnabled false
    }
}
lintOptions {
    abortOnError false        // true by default
    checkAllWarnings false
    checkReleaseBuilds false
    checkDependencies false
    ignoreWarnings true       // false by default
    quiet true                // false by default
}
dexOptions {
    javaMaxHeapSize "4g"
    preDexLibraries = false
}
compileOptions {
    sourceCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_7
    targetCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_7
}
packagingOptions {
    exclude 'META-INF/ASL2.0'
    exclude 'META-INF/LICENSE'
    exclude 'META-INF/NOTICE'
}}

dependencies {
implementation fileTree(include: ['*.jar'], dir: 'libs')

implementation 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:28.0.0'
implementation 'com.android.support:design:28.0.0'
implementation 'com.android.support.constraint:constraint-layout:1.1.3'
testImplementation 'junit:junit:4.12'
androidTestImplementation 'com.android.support.test:runner:1.0.2'
androidTestImplementation 'com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:3.0.2'
implementation 'com.android.support:cardview-v7:28.0.0'
implementation 'com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.5'
implementation 'com.jakewharton:butterknife:8.8.1'
annotationProcessor 'com.jakewharton:butterknife-compiler:8.8.1'
implementation 'com.github.bumptech.glide:glide:4.8.0'
annotationProcessor 'com.github.bumptech.glide:compiler:4.8.0'
implementation 'com.googlecode.libphonenumber:libphonenumber:7.2.2'
implementation 'com.karumi:dexter:4.2.0'
implementation 'com.hbb20:ccp:2.2.3'
implementation 'com.squareup.picasso:picasso:2.71828'
implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-core:16.0.6'
implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-auth:16.1.0'
//    implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-database:16.0.5'
implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-storage:16.0.5'
implementation ('com.google.firebase:firebase-firestore:17.1.5')
implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-messaging:17.3.4'
implementation 'com.linchaolong.android:imagepicker:1.5'
implementation 'com.android.support:multidex:1.0.3'

} 应用插件：“ com.google.gms.google-services”

---

项目级别build.gradle

buildscript {

repositories {
    google()

    jcenter()
}
dependencies {
    classpath 'com.android.tools.build:gradle:3.2.1'
    classpath 'com.google.gms:google-services:4.2.0'

    // NOTE: Do not place your application dependencies here; they belong
    // in the individual module build.gradle files
}}

---

错误

Caused by: com.android.build.api.transform.TransformException: Error while generating the main dex list.
at com.android.build.gradle.internal.transforms.D8MainDexListTransform.transform(D8MainDexListTransform.kt:144)
at com.android.build.gradle.internal.pipeline.TransformTask$2.call(TransformTask.java:239)
at com.android.build.gradle.internal.pipeline.TransformTask$2.call(TransformTask.java:235)
at com.android.builder.profile.ThreadRecorder.record(ThreadRecorder.java:102)
Caused by: com.android.builder.multidex.D8MainDexList$MainDexListException: com.android.tools.r8.errors.CompilationError: Program type already present: com.google.protobuf.DescriptorProtos$1
at com.android.builder.multidex.D8MainDexList.generate(D8MainDexList.java:87)
at com.android.build.gradle.internal.transforms.D8MainDexListTransform.transform(D8MainDexListTransform.kt:131)
Caused by: com.android.tools.r8.errors.CompilationError: Program type already present: com.google.protobuf.DescriptorProtos$1
at com.android.tools.r8.utils.ProgramClassCollection.resolveClassConflictImpl(ProgramClassCollection.java:64)
at com.android.tools.r8.utils.ProgramClassCollection.lambda$create$0(ProgramClassCollection.java:25)
at java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap.merge(ConcurrentHashMap.java:1990)
at com.android.tools.r8.utils.ProgramClassCollection.create(ProgramClassCollection.java:24)
at com.android.tools.r8.graph.LazyLoadedDexApplication$Builder.build(LazyLoadedDexApplication.java:124)
at com.android.tools.r8.dex.ApplicationReader.read(ApplicationReader.java:123)
at com.android.tools.r8.dex.ApplicationReader.read(ApplicationReader.java:86)
at com.android.tools.r8.GenerateMainDexList.run(GenerateMainDexList.java:40)
at com.android.tools.r8.GenerateMainDexList.run(GenerateMainDexList.java:110)
at com.android.builder.multidex.D8MainDexList.generate(D8MainDexList.java:83)

我已经尝试了Stackoverflow的许多解决方案，但是仍然没有成功，因此，如果有人遇到此类错误，或者您有任何解决方案，请从中帮助我。

谢谢