具有qsort和void指针问题的排序结构

时间:2018-12-27 22:58:23

标签: c function void-pointers qsort

我的任务是读取存储在字符串和双对中的数据,让用户输入应该对数据进行排序的形式(“ n-v +”形式),然后使用qsort对其进行排序。我在编写比较功能时遇到问题。

我遇到以下错误:

  • 警告:取消引用“ void *”指针
  • 错误:无效值不应该被忽略
  • 警告:控制到达非空函数[-Wreturn-type]的结尾

这是带有功能的代码的一部分

typedef struct {
char name[32];
double value;
} record;

int sign1=0; //1 is +, -1 is -
int tip1=0; //1 is n, 2 is v
int sign2=0; //1 is +, -1 is -
int tip2=0; //1 is n, 2 is v

//comparison function
int compa(const void*p,const void*d){ //1 means first, -1 means second
    int result=0;
    record first;
    first=*p;
    record second;
    second=*d;
    if(tip1==1){ //compare for n first
        result=strcmp(first.name,second.name);  //first goes smaller
        if(result!=0) return sign1*result;
        else { //then for v
            if (first.value>second.value)result=-1; 
            else result=1;  
            return sign2*result;
            }
        }
    else if (tip1==2){//compare for v first
        if (first.value>second.value){
            result=-1; 
            return sign1*result;}
        else if (first.value<second.value) {
            result=1;
            return sign1*result;}
        else{ //then for n
            result=strcmp(first.name,second.name);  //first goes smaller
            if(result!=0) return sign2*result;
            else return sign2;
            }
        }   
}

1 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:1)

怎么做?

我认为最好编写两对函数。在每对中,一个将是微不足道的,从而消除了在该对中调用另一个的结果。例如,您有“名称升序”和“名称降序”;您可能会使用原型int cmp_name_asc(const void *p1, const void *p2);来完全实现“名称升序”,然后将对中的另一个实现为:

int cmp_name_des(const void *p1, const void *p2)
{
    return -cmp_name_asc(p1, p2);
}

,对于cmp_value_asccmp_value_des对也是如此。

int cmp_value_des(const void *p1, const void *p2)
{
    return -cmp_value_asc(p1, p2);
}

如果您真的对开销的细微差别感到不满,可以使用一个静态内联函数来解决它,该内联函数调用两次,分别在cmp_value_des()cmp_value_asc()中进行一次,但这差不多当然不值得。

然后您将需要编写两个函数:

int cmp_value_asc(const void *p1, const void *p2)
{
    const record *r1 = p1;
    const record *r2 = p2;
    if (r1->value < r2->value)
        return -1;
    else if (r1->value > r2->value)
        return +1;
    else
        return 0;
}

int cmp_name_asc(const void *p1, const void *p2)
{
    const record *r1 = p1;
    const record *r2 = p2;
    return strcmp(r1->name, r2->name);
}

然后,当您解析参数时,您可以控制调用四个函数中的哪个。与那些全局变量无关紧要,并复制结构(尽可能避免复制)等等,这要容易得多。

为什么会出错?

您收到“ warning: dereferencing ‘void *’ pointer”消息是因为您拥有:

record first;
first=*p;

您需要使用:

record first = *(const record *)p;

要获得正确的复制行为-将void *转换为正确的指针类型,然后取消引用它。除此之外,复制信息;您不应该这样做(它会完全不必要地降低速度)。您应该使用:

 const record *firstp = (const record *)p;

除了强制转换在C中不是至关重要的(否则,在C ++中,如果您不注意在C ++代码中以这种方式进行排序,那也将是一个坏主意)。还要注意,这使初始化成为变量定义的一部分,而不是以后作为单独的分配。通常这是一种好技术,尤其是在C ++中。

类似地,您可能在同一行上收到“ error: void value not ignored as it ought to be”错误。由于pvoid *,所以*pvoid,并且您试图使用void值的结果-您不能这样做

warning: control reaches end of non-void function [-Wreturn-type]”警告是因为您的比较函数具有以下结构:

if (tip1 == 1)
{
    …code that returns a value…
}
else if (tip1 == 2)
{
    …code that returns a value…
}

并且由于else块之后既没有return 0;子句,也没有else if,因此该函数原则上可以退出而不返回值,这就是警告会告诉您。

我还将观察到您似乎没有使用tip2tip1 == 2应该是tip2 != 0吗?)。

代码应该按名称和值排序吗?

经过进一步的审查,似乎您可能打算进行两部分比较, 首先按名称排序,然后按值排序,或者先值排序,然后名称排序,然后对每个比较进行升序或降序排序。正确吗?

如果是这样,您仍然可以创建前面显示的小功能,但是将它们设置为static,因为您不会在比较代码之外使用它们。然后,您可以决定创建函数指针来完成工作:

static int (*compare1)(const void *p1, const void *p2) = cmp_name_asc;
static int (*compare2)(const void *p1, const void *p2) = cmp_value_des;

您的解析代码将选择正确的函数名称以分配给compare1compare2。您的比较函数将变为:

int cmpa(const void *p1, const void *p2)
{
    int rc = (*compare1)(p1, p2);        // Or int rc = compare1(p1, p2);
    if (rc == 0)
        rc = (*compare2)(p1, p2);
    return rc;
}

不得不使用文件作用域变量compare1compare2是一个小麻烦,但是要比问题代码中的所有内联操作要麻烦得多。

很容易将其扩展为按三个条件或1..N个条件进行排序(使用指向函数的指针数组,并将指针设置为null表示不再进行比较)。最难的部分是在compare1compare2中设置正确的函数指针以及等效项。

工作代码

下面的代码显示了上面的大多数建议(我不为比较器功能下降带来的最低性能而烦恼):

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

typedef struct
{
    char name[32];
    double value;
} record;

static int cmp_value_asc(const void *p1, const void *p2)
{
    const record *r1 = p1;
    const record *r2 = p2;
    if (r1->value < r2->value)
        return -1;
    else if (r1->value > r2->value)
        return +1;
    else
        return 0;
}

static int cmp_name_asc(const void *p1, const void *p2)
{
    const record *r1 = p1;
    const record *r2 = p2;
    return strcmp(r1->name, r2->name);
}

static int cmp_name_des(const void *p1, const void *p2)
{
    return -cmp_name_asc(p1, p2);
}

static int cmp_value_des(const void *p1, const void *p2)
{
    return -cmp_value_asc(p1, p2);
}

static int (*compare1)(const void *p1, const void *p2) = cmp_name_asc;
static int (*compare2)(const void *p1, const void *p2) = cmp_value_des;

static int cmpa(const void *p1, const void *p2)
{
    int rc = (*compare1)(p1, p2);
    if (rc == 0)
        rc = (*compare2)(p1, p2);
    return rc;
}

static void dump_records(const char *tag, int num, const record *data);

int main(void)
{
    record data[] =
    {
        /*
        random -n 15 -c -T '{ "%C%v%2:8w", %[20:100]f },' |
        awk '{ printf("%8s%s %-14s %5.2f %s\n", "", $1, $2, $3, $4, $5) }'
        Plus three lines duplicated on name and then change the value;
        plus three lines duplicated on value and then change the name.
        */
        { "Memrgi",      66.90 },
        { "Joeeeoahnm",  98.40 },
        { "Turner",      81.40 },
        { "Rebfno",      81.40 },
        { "Rebfno",      23.19 },
        { "Tecao",       66.30 },
        { "Guvoejnard",  62.40 },
        { "Zipnoib",     32.70 },
        { "Kerjruw",     49.60 },
        { "Vebin",       51.60 },
        { "Ghost",       51.60 },
        { "Reoe",        85.00 },
        { "Yepfenen",    84.60 },
        { "Yepfenen",    82.60 },
        { "Kopl",        94.80 },
        { "Soorwzeo",    15.40 },
        { "Soorwzeo",    85.40 },
        { "Nemigiat",    29.10 },
        { "Poisson",     79.40 },
        { "Sositpv",     79.40 },
        { "Giidahroet",  71.00 },
    };
    enum { NUM_DATA = sizeof(data) / sizeof(data[0]) };

    dump_records("Before sorting", NUM_DATA, data);

    compare1 = cmp_name_des;
    compare2 = cmp_value_asc;
    qsort(data, NUM_DATA, sizeof(data[0]), cmpa);
    dump_records("After sorting by name descending, value ascending", NUM_DATA, data);

    compare1 = cmp_value_des;
    compare2 = cmp_name_asc;
    qsort(data, NUM_DATA, sizeof(data[0]), cmpa);
    dump_records("After sorting by value descending, name ascending", NUM_DATA, data);

    compare1 = cmp_value_asc;
    compare2 = cmp_name_asc;
    qsort(data, NUM_DATA, sizeof(data[0]), cmpa);
    dump_records("After sorting by value ascending, name ascending", NUM_DATA, data);

    compare1 = cmp_name_asc;
    compare2 = cmp_value_asc;
    qsort(data, NUM_DATA, sizeof(data[0]), cmpa);
    dump_records("After sorting by name ascending, value ascending", NUM_DATA, data);

    return 0;
}

static void dump_records(const char *tag, int num, const record *data)
{
    printf("%s (%d):\n", tag, num);
    for (int i = 0; i < num; i++)
        printf("%2d: %-12s %5.2f\n", i + 1, data[i].name, data[i].value);
}

该程序的输出:

Before sorting (21):
 1: Memrgi       66.90
 2: Joeeeoahnm   98.40
 3: Turner       81.40
 4: Rebfno       81.40
 5: Rebfno       23.19
 6: Tecao        66.30
 7: Guvoejnard   62.40
 8: Zipnoib      32.70
 9: Kerjruw      49.60
10: Vebin        51.60
11: Ghost        51.60
12: Reoe         85.00
13: Yepfenen     84.60
14: Yepfenen     82.60
15: Kopl         94.80
16: Soorwzeo     15.40
17: Soorwzeo     85.40
18: Nemigiat     29.10
19: Poisson      79.40
20: Sositpv      79.40
21: Giidahroet   71.00
After sorting by name descending, value ascending (21):
 1: Zipnoib      32.70
 2: Yepfenen     82.60
 3: Yepfenen     84.60
 4: Vebin        51.60
 5: Turner       81.40
 6: Tecao        66.30
 7: Sositpv      79.40
 8: Soorwzeo     15.40
 9: Soorwzeo     85.40
10: Reoe         85.00
11: Rebfno       23.19
12: Rebfno       81.40
13: Poisson      79.40
14: Nemigiat     29.10
15: Memrgi       66.90
16: Kopl         94.80
17: Kerjruw      49.60
18: Joeeeoahnm   98.40
19: Guvoejnard   62.40
20: Giidahroet   71.00
21: Ghost        51.60
After sorting by value descending, name ascending (21):
 1: Joeeeoahnm   98.40
 2: Kopl         94.80
 3: Soorwzeo     85.40
 4: Reoe         85.00
 5: Yepfenen     84.60
 6: Yepfenen     82.60
 7: Rebfno       81.40
 8: Turner       81.40
 9: Poisson      79.40
10: Sositpv      79.40
11: Giidahroet   71.00
12: Memrgi       66.90
13: Tecao        66.30
14: Guvoejnard   62.40
15: Ghost        51.60
16: Vebin        51.60
17: Kerjruw      49.60
18: Zipnoib      32.70
19: Nemigiat     29.10
20: Rebfno       23.19
21: Soorwzeo     15.40
After sorting by value ascending, name ascending (21):
 1: Soorwzeo     15.40
 2: Rebfno       23.19
 3: Nemigiat     29.10
 4: Zipnoib      32.70
 5: Kerjruw      49.60
 6: Ghost        51.60
 7: Vebin        51.60
 8: Guvoejnard   62.40
 9: Tecao        66.30
10: Memrgi       66.90
11: Giidahroet   71.00
12: Poisson      79.40
13: Sositpv      79.40
14: Rebfno       81.40
15: Turner       81.40
16: Yepfenen     82.60
17: Yepfenen     84.60
18: Reoe         85.00
19: Soorwzeo     85.40
20: Kopl         94.80
21: Joeeeoahnm   98.40
After sorting by name ascending, value ascending (21):
 1: Ghost        51.60
 2: Giidahroet   71.00
 3: Guvoejnard   62.40
 4: Joeeeoahnm   98.40
 5: Kerjruw      49.60
 6: Kopl         94.80
 7: Memrgi       66.90
 8: Nemigiat     29.10
 9: Poisson      79.40
10: Rebfno       23.19
11: Rebfno       81.40
12: Reoe         85.00
13: Soorwzeo     15.40
14: Soorwzeo     85.40
15: Sositpv      79.40
16: Tecao        66.30
17: Turner       81.40
18: Vebin        51.60
19: Yepfenen     82.60
20: Yepfenen     84.60
21: Zipnoib      32.70