在哪里使用SQL的列级加密?

时间:2018-12-07 02:18:26

标签: sql sql-server tsql encryption certificate

我能够使用以下代码在SQL中进行列加密:

USE EncryptionDemonstration

CREATE MASTER KEY ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD = 'ThisIsMySampleStrongPassword'

CREATE CERTIFICATE MyServerCertificate WITH SUBJECT = 'This is my Demonstration Certificate'


CREATE SYMMETRIC KEY SSN_Keys  
    WITH ALGORITHM = AES_256  
    ENCRYPTION BY CERTIFICATE MyServerCertificate;  
GO  
CREATE SYMMETRIC KEY CreditCard_Keys  
    WITH ALGORITHM = AES_128  
    ENCRYPTION BY CERTIFICATE MyServerCertificate;  

ALTER TABLE Customer
    ADD SSN_Encrypted varbinary(128),
        CCN_Encrypted varbinary(128)

OPEN SYMMETRIC KEY CreditCard_Keys 
   DECRYPTION BY CERTIFICATE MyServerCertificate 
OPEN SYMMETRIC KEY SSN_Keys 
   DECRYPTION BY CERTIFICATE MyServerCertificate

UPDATE  Customer 
SET SSN_Encrypted = EncryptByKey(Key_GUID('SSN_Keys')  
    , SocialSecurityNumber)

UPDATE  Customer 
SET CCN_Encrypted = EncryptByKey(Key_GUID('CreditCard_Keys  ')  
    , CreditCardNumber)

GO  

OPEN SYMMETRIC KEY SSN_Keys
   DECRYPTION BY CERTIFICATE MyServerCertificate 

OPEN SYMMETRIC KEY CreditCard_Keys
   DECRYPTION BY CERTIFICATE MyServerCertificate 



SELECT SocialSecurityNumber, SSN_Encrypted   
    AS 'Encrypted SSN',  
    CONVERT(varchar, DecryptByKey(SSN_Encrypted))   
    AS 'Decrypted SSN'  
    FROM Customer  

SELECT CreditCardNumber, CCN_Encrypted 
    AS 'Encrypted Credit Card Number',
     CONVERT(varchar, DecryptByKey(CCN_Encrypted))   
     AS 'Decrypted Credit Card Number'
     FROM Customer

现在我的问题是,如果有权访问此数据库的任何人只要运行DecryptByKey函数来查看解密的值,这对安全性有何帮助?我对数据库主密钥和证书的使用不完全熟悉,请耐心等待。

1 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:2)

答案是,每个人都可以运行DecryptByKey,但不是每个人都可以访问用于保护数据的对称密钥。 SQL Server中有严格的encryption hierarchy,并且您选择了以下路径:

  1. 数据库主密钥是受保护的密码
  2. 受DMK保护的证书
  3. 受证书保护的对称密钥
  4. 通过对称密钥加密的数据

enter image description here

因此,有权访问对称密钥的每个人都可以使用它,但要做到这一点,就需要访问保护给定对称密钥的证书。因此,您正在使用:

OPEN SYMMETRIC KEY ... DECRYPTION BY CERTIFICATE ...

尝试创建一个无权访问CERTIFICATE的用户并执行以上语句:

DROP USER IF EXISTS [StackOverflow];

CREATE USER [StackOverflow] WITHOUT LOGIN;

EXECUTE AS USER = 'StackOverflow';

OPEN SYMMETRIC KEY [SK_SecurityUsers_V001] DECRYPTION BY CERTIFICATE [CERT_V001];

REVERT;

您将收到以下错误:

Msg 15151, Level 16, State 1, Line 7
Cannot find the symmetric key 'SK_SecurityUsers_V001', because it does not exist or you do not have permission.

因此,取决于谁可以使用对称密钥来控制对保护它的证书的访问。问题是,谁可以访问证书?

permission diagram显示的是大图,但基本上是:

enter image description here

或简而言之:

  • sys.admin
  • db_owner
  • 证书的创建者
  • 已获得证书访问权限的用户

另外,关于备份的一些事情。例如,当您创建备份并将其还原到其他实例上时,您需要重新创建安全性层次结构。基本上在这样的数据库上,即使sys.admin也无法访问密钥。

因此,如果有人偷了您的备份,则数据将再次受到保护。您需要备份证书并在新数据库中再次还原它,或者使用CERTENCODED创建相同的证书。

这只是接触表面,在对数据进行加密之前要对任何方面进行很好的计划(例如,加密列上的索引是无用的,因为在加密时会向每个值添加随机盐-多次加密一个值,您会得到不同的结果二进制文件)。