我们的团队正在研究NLP问题。我们有一个带有一些标记句子的数据集,我们必须将它们分为两个类,0或1。
我们预处理数据并使用词嵌入,以便每个句子具有 300个功能,然后使用简单的神经网络训练模型。
由于数据非常偏斜,因此我们使用F1分数来衡量模型得分,并同时在训练集(80%)和测试集(20%)上进行计算。
我们使用了PySpark的MLlib中的multilayer perceptron classifier:
layers = [300, 600, 2]
trainer = MultilayerPerceptronClassifier(featuresCol='features', labelCol='target',
predictionCol='prediction', maxIter=10, layers=layers,
blockSize=128)
model = trainer.fit(train_df)
result = model.transform(test_df)
predictionAndLabels = result.select("prediction", "target").withColumnRenamed("target", "label")
evaluator = MulticlassClassificationEvaluator(metricName="f1")
f1_score = evaluator.evaluate(predictionAndLabels)
这样,我们得到的F1分数在0.91至0.93之间。
然后我们选择(主要用于学习目的)切换到TensorFlow,因此我们使用与MLlib相同的架构和公式来实现神经网络:
# Network Parameters
n_input = 300
n_hidden_1 = 600
n_classes = 2
# TensorFlow graph input
features = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=(None, n_input), name='inputs')
labels = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=(None, n_classes), name='labels')
# Initializes weights and biases
init_biases_and_weights()
# Layers definition
layer_1 = tf.add(tf.matmul(features, weights['h1']), biases['b1'])
layer_1 = tf.nn.sigmoid(layer_1)
out_layer = tf.matmul(layer_1, weights['out']) + biases['out']
out_layer = tf.nn.softmax(out_layer)
# Optimizer definition
learning_rate_ph = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=(), name='learning_rate')
loss_function = tf.losses.log_loss(labels=labels, predictions=out_layer)
optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate=learning_rate_ph).minimize(loss_function)
# Start TensorFlow session
init = tf.global_variables_initializer()
tf_session = tf.InteractiveSession()
tf_session.run(init)
# Train Neural Network
learning_rate = 0.01
iterations = 100
batch_size = 256
total_batch = int(len(y_train) / batch_size)
for epoch in range(iterations):
avg_cost = 0.0
for block in range(total_batch):
batch_x = x_train[block * batch_size:min(block * batch_size + batch_size, len(x_train)), :]
batch_y = y_train[block * batch_size:min(block * batch_size + batch_size, len(y_train)), :]
_, c = tf_session.run([optimizer, loss_function], feed_dict={learning_rate_ph: learning_rate,
features: batch_x,
labels: batch_y})
avg_cost += c
avg_cost /= total_batch
print("Iteration " + str(epoch + 1) + " Logistic-loss=" + str(avg_cost))
# Make predictions
predictions_train = tf_session.run(out_layer, feed_dict={features: x_train, labels: y_train})
predictions_test = tf_session.run(out_layer, feed_dict={features: x_test, labels: y_test})
# Compute F1-score
f1_score = f1_score_tf(y_test, predictions_test)
支持功能:
def initialize_weights_and_biases():
global weights, biases
epsilon_1 = sqrt(6) / sqrt(n_input + n_hidden_1)
epsilon_2 = sqrt(6) / sqrt(n_classes + n_hidden_1)
weights = {
'h1': tf.Variable(tf.random_uniform([n_input, n_hidden_1],
minval=0 - epsilon_1, maxval=epsilon_1, dtype=tf.float32)),
'out': tf.Variable(tf.random_uniform([n_hidden_1, n_classes],
minval=0 - epsilon_2, maxval=epsilon_2, dtype=tf.float32))
}
biases = {
'b1': tf.Variable(tf.constant(1, shape=[n_hidden_1], dtype=tf.float32)),
'out': tf.Variable(tf.constant(1, shape=[n_classes], dtype=tf.float32))
}
def f1_score_tf(actual, predicted):
actual = np.argmax(actual, 1)
predicted = np.argmax(predicted, 1)
tp = tf.count_nonzero(predicted * actual)
fp = tf.count_nonzero(predicted * (actual - 1))
fn = tf.count_nonzero((predicted - 1) * actual)
precision = tp / (tp + fp)
recall = tp / (tp + fn)
f1 = 2 * precision * recall / (precision + recall)
return tf.Tensor.eval(f1)
这样,我们得到的F1分数在0.24和0.25之间。
我能看到的两个神经网络之间的唯一区别是:
我认为这两个参数不会在模型之间造成如此大的性能差异,但是Spark似乎在很少的迭代中就获得了很高的分数。
我不明白TensorFlow的表现是否很差,或者Spark的分数并不真实。而且在两种情况下,我认为我们都没有看到重要的东西。
答案 0 :(得分:2)
将权重初始化为统一且偏差为1肯定不是一个好主意,这很可能是造成这种差异的原因。
使用normal
或truncated_normal
代替,默认为零均值,权重为small variance:
weights = {
'h1': tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal([n_input, n_hidden_1],
stddev=0.01, dtype=tf.float32)),
'out': tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal([n_hidden_1, n_classes],
stddev=0.01, dtype=tf.float32))
}
和零用于偏差:
biases = {
'b1': tf.Variable(tf.constant(0, shape=[n_hidden_1], dtype=tf.float32)),
'out': tf.Variable(tf.constant(0, shape=[n_classes], dtype=tf.float32))
}
也就是说,对于二进制分类问题,我不确定使用MulticlassClassificationEvaluator
的正确性,我建议进一步做一些手动检查,以确认该函数确实返回了您认为的返回值。