当前，我的OpenGL场景不使用任何灯光，它仅使用具有固定颜色的线框-对我来说很好。
现在，我想添加第二种模式，其中线框显示为（半）实体模型。为此，我需要一些照明。照明应该非常容易，只需一些具有固定颜色和方向的全局定向光即可。
有两个问题：据我了解，我可以完全在片段着色器中执行此操作-这是正确的吗？
而且：我当前的片段着色器非常简单：
#version 130
uniform vec4 inputColor;
out vec4 FragColor;
void main()
{
FragColor=inputColor;
}
必须在此处添加什么以使全局几何光源（而不是其他一些点光源）为我的几何图形照明？
答案 0 :(得分：4)
要计算漫射光或什至镜面高光，必须知道曲面和片段的法线向量。漫射光辐射率取决于入射光的方向-参见How does this faking the light work on aerotwist?。镜面高光还取决于视图的方向。
如果没有法线向量，则可以通过片段着色器中视图空间位置的偏导数近似计算表面法线向量。偏导数可以通过函数dFdx and dFdy获得。
使用此法向矢量，您可以计算出质量非常低的漫射光。表面看起来是平坦的，并且光线似乎是通过面法线向量而不是平滑的顶点法线向量计算的。但是可以通过稍后使用“真实”法向矢量来实现基本的光照模型并对其进行改进。
请参见示例。在这种情况下，假定光源位于视点，因为相对于光（L）的视空间方向为vec3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0)：
顶点着色器
out vec4 v_clip_pos;
main()
{
.....
gl_Positon = .....;
v_clip_pos = gl_Positon;
}
片段着色器
#version 130
in vec4 v_clip_pos; // same as gl_Position
out vec4 FragColor;
uniform vec4 inputColor;
void main()
{
vec3 ndc_pos = v_clip_pos.xyz / v_clip_pos.w;
vec3 dx = dFdx( ndc_pos );
vec3 dy = dFdy( ndc_pos );
vec3 N = normalize(cross(dx, dy));
N *= sign(N.z);
vec3 L = vec3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0); // direction to the light source
float NdotL = dot(N, L);
vec3 diffuse_color = inputColor.rgb * NdotL;
FragColor = vec4(diffuse_color.rgb, 1.0);
}
请参见演示灯光模型的示例。当然，该示例是在WebGL中而不是在OpenGL中实现的，但是片段着色器非常相似：
(function loadscene() {
var gl, progDraw, vp_size;
var bufCube = {};
function render(delteMS){
Camera.create();
Camera.vp = vp_size;
gl.viewport( 0, 0, vp_size[0], vp_size[1] );
gl.enable( gl.DEPTH_TEST );
gl.clearColor( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 );
gl.clear( gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT );
// set up draw shader
ShProg.Use( progDraw );
ShProg.SetM44( progDraw, "u_projectionMat44", Camera.Perspective() );
ShProg.SetM44( progDraw, "u_viewMat44", Camera.LookAt() );
var modelMat = IdentM44()
modelMat = RotateAxis( modelMat, CalcAng( delteMS, 13.0 ), 0 );
modelMat = RotateAxis( modelMat, CalcAng( delteMS, 17.0 ), 1 );
ShProg.SetM44( progDraw, "u_modelMat44", modelMat );
ShProg.SetF3( progDraw, "color", [0.9, 0.9, 0.5] );
// draw scene
VertexBuffer.Draw( bufCube );
requestAnimationFrame(render);
}
function resize() {
//vp_size = [gl.drawingBufferWidth, gl.drawingBufferHeight];
vp_size = [window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight]
canvas.width = vp_size[0];
canvas.height = vp_size[1];
}
function initScene() {
canvas = document.getElementById( "canvas");
gl = canvas.getContext( "experimental-webgl" );
if ( !gl )
return null;
var ext_standard_derivatives = gl.getExtension( "OES_standard_derivatives" ); // dFdx, dFdy
if (!ext_standard_derivatives)
alert('no standard derivatives support (no dFdx, dFdy)');
progDraw = ShProg.Create(
[ { source : "draw-shader-vs", stage : gl.VERTEX_SHADER },
{ source : "draw-shader-fs", stage : gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER }
] );
if ( !progDraw.progObj )
return null;
progDraw.inPos = ShProg.AttrI( progDraw, "inPos" );
progDraw.inNV = ShProg.AttrI( progDraw, "inNV" );
// create sphere
var layer_size = 16, circum_size = 32;
var rad_circum = 1.0;
var rad_tube = 0.5;
var sphere_pts = [];
var sphere_nv = [];
sphere_pts.push( 0.0, 0.0, -rad_circum );
sphere_nv.push( 0.0, 0.0, -1.0 );
for ( var i_l = 1; i_l < layer_size; ++ i_l ) {
var angH = (1.0 - i_l / layer_size) * Math.PI;
var h = Math.cos( angH );
var r = Math.sin( angH );
for ( var i_c = 0; i_c < circum_size; ++ i_c ) {
var circumX = Math.cos(2 * Math.PI * i_c / circum_size);
var circumY = Math.sin(2 * Math.PI * i_c / circum_size);
sphere_pts.push( r * circumX * rad_circum, r * circumY * rad_circum, h * rad_circum );
sphere_nv.push( r * circumX, r * circumY, h );
}
}
sphere_pts.push( 0.0, 0.0, rad_circum );
sphere_nv.push( 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 );
var sphere_inx = [];
for ( var i_c = 0; i_c < circum_size; ++ i_c ) {
sphere_inx.push( i_c+1, 0, (i_c+1) % circum_size + 1 )
}
for ( var i_l = 0; i_l < layer_size-2; ++ i_l ) {
var l1 = i_l * circum_size + 1;
var l2 = (i_l+1) * circum_size + 1
for ( var i_c = 0; i_c < circum_size; ++ i_c ) {
var i_n = (i_c+1) % circum_size;
sphere_inx.push( l1+i_c, l1+i_n, l2+i_c, l1+i_n, l2+i_n, l2+i_c );
}
}
for ( var i_c = 0; i_c < circum_size; ++ i_c ) {
var i_start = 1 + (layer_size-2) * circum_size;
var i_n = (i_c+1) % circum_size;
sphere_inx.push( i_start + i_c, i_start + i_n, sphere_pts.length/3-1 );
}
bufCube = VertexBuffer.Create(
[ { data : sphere_pts, attrSize : 3, attrLoc : progDraw.inPos },
{ data : sphere_nv, attrSize : 3, attrLoc : progDraw.inNV } ],
sphere_inx );
window.onresize = resize;
resize();
requestAnimationFrame(render);
}
function Fract( val ) {
return val - Math.trunc( val );
}
function CalcAng( deltaTime, intervall ) {
return Fract( deltaTime / (1000*intervall) ) * 2.0 * Math.PI;
}
function CalcMove( deltaTime, intervall, range ) {
var pos = self.Fract( deltaTime / (1000*intervall) ) * 2.0
var pos = pos < 1.0 ? pos : (2.0-pos)
return range[0] + (range[1] - range[0]) * pos;
}
function EllipticalPosition( a, b, angRag ) {
var a_b = a * a - b * b
var ea = (a_b <= 0) ? 0 : Math.sqrt( a_b );
var eb = (a_b >= 0) ? 0 : Math.sqrt( -a_b );
return [ a * Math.sin( angRag ) - ea, b * Math.cos( angRag ) - eb, 0 ];
}
glArrayType = typeof Float32Array !="undefined" ? Float32Array : ( typeof WebGLFloatArray != "undefined" ? WebGLFloatArray : Array );
function IdentM44() {
var m = new glArrayType(16);
m[0] = 1; m[1] = 0; m[2] = 0; m[3] = 0;
m[4] = 0; m[5] = 1; m[6] = 0; m[7] = 0;
m[8] = 0; m[9] = 0; m[10] = 1; m[11] = 0;
m[12] = 0; m[13] = 0; m[14] = 0; m[15] = 1;
return m;
};
function RotateAxis(matA, angRad, axis) {
var aMap = [ [1, 2], [2, 0], [0, 1] ];
var a0 = aMap[axis][0], a1 = aMap[axis][1];
var sinAng = Math.sin(angRad), cosAng = Math.cos(angRad);
var matB = new glArrayType(16);
for ( var i = 0; i < 16; ++ i ) matB[i] = matA[i];
for ( var i = 0; i < 3; ++ i ) {
matB[a0*4+i] = matA[a0*4+i] * cosAng + matA[a1*4+i] * sinAng;
matB[a1*4+i] = matA[a0*4+i] * -sinAng + matA[a1*4+i] * cosAng;
}
return matB;
}
function Cross( a, b ) { return [ a[1] * b[2] - a[2] * b[1], a[2] * b[0] - a[0] * b[2], a[0] * b[1] - a[1] * b[0], 0.0 ]; }
function Dot( a, b ) { return a[0]*b[0] + a[1]*b[1] + a[2]*b[2]; }
function Normalize( v ) {
var len = Math.sqrt( v[0] * v[0] + v[1] * v[1] + v[2] * v[2] );
return [ v[0] / len, v[1] / len, v[2] / len ];
}
var Camera = {};
Camera.create = function() {
this.pos = [0, 1.5, 0.0];
this.target = [0, 0, 0];
this.up = [0, 0, 1];
this.fov_y = 90;
this.vp = [800, 600];
this.near = 0.5;
this.far = 100.0;
}
Camera.Perspective = function() {
var fn = this.far + this.near;
var f_n = this.far - this.near;
var r = this.vp[0] / this.vp[1];
var t = 1 / Math.tan( Math.PI * this.fov_y / 360 );
var m = IdentM44();
m[0] = t/r; m[1] = 0; m[2] = 0; m[3] = 0;
m[4] = 0; m[5] = t; m[6] = 0; m[7] = 0;
m[8] = 0; m[9] = 0; m[10] = -fn / f_n; m[11] = -1;
m[12] = 0; m[13] = 0; m[14] = -2 * this.far * this.near / f_n; m[15] = 0;
return m;
}
Camera.LookAt = function() {
var mz = Normalize( [ this.pos[0]-this.target[0], this.pos[1]-this.target[1], this.pos[2]-this.target[2] ] );
var mx = Normalize( Cross( this.up, mz ) );
var my = Normalize( Cross( mz, mx ) );
var tx = Dot( mx, this.pos );
var ty = Dot( my, this.pos );
var tz = Dot( [-mz[0], -mz[1], -mz[2]], this.pos );
var m = IdentM44();
m[0] = mx[0]; m[1] = my[0]; m[2] = mz[0]; m[3] = 0;
m[4] = mx[1]; m[5] = my[1]; m[6] = mz[1]; m[7] = 0;
m[8] = mx[2]; m[9] = my[2]; m[10] = mz[2]; m[11] = 0;
m[12] = tx; m[13] = ty; m[14] = tz; m[15] = 1;
return m;
}
var ShProg = {
Create: function (shaderList) {
var shaderObjs = [];
for (var i_sh = 0; i_sh < shaderList.length; ++i_sh) {
var shderObj = this.Compile(shaderList[i_sh].source, shaderList[i_sh].stage);
if (shderObj) shaderObjs.push(shderObj);
}
var prog = {}
prog.progObj = this.Link(shaderObjs)
if (prog.progObj) {
prog.attrInx = {};
var noOfAttributes = gl.getProgramParameter(prog.progObj, gl.ACTIVE_ATTRIBUTES);
for (var i_n = 0; i_n < noOfAttributes; ++i_n) {
var name = gl.getActiveAttrib(prog.progObj, i_n).name;
prog.attrInx[name] = gl.getAttribLocation(prog.progObj, name);
}
prog.uniLoc = {};
var noOfUniforms = gl.getProgramParameter(prog.progObj, gl.ACTIVE_UNIFORMS);
for (var i_n = 0; i_n < noOfUniforms; ++i_n) {
var name = gl.getActiveUniform(prog.progObj, i_n).name;
prog.uniLoc[name] = gl.getUniformLocation(prog.progObj, name);
}
}
return prog;
},
AttrI: function (prog, name) { return prog.attrInx[name]; },
UniformL: function (prog, name) { return prog.uniLoc[name]; },
Use: function (prog) { gl.useProgram(prog.progObj); },
SetI1: function (prog, name, val) { if (prog.uniLoc[name]) gl.uniform1i(prog.uniLoc[name], val); },
SetF1: function (prog, name, val) { if (prog.uniLoc[name]) gl.uniform1f(prog.uniLoc[name], val); },
SetF2: function (prog, name, arr) { if (prog.uniLoc[name]) gl.uniform2fv(prog.uniLoc[name], arr); },
SetF3: function (prog, name, arr) { if (prog.uniLoc[name]) gl.uniform3fv(prog.uniLoc[name], arr); },
SetF4: function (prog, name, arr) { if (prog.uniLoc[name]) gl.uniform4fv(prog.uniLoc[name], arr); },
SetM33: function (prog, name, mat) { if (prog.uniLoc[name]) gl.uniformMatrix3fv(prog.uniLoc[name], false, mat); },
SetM44: function (prog, name, mat) { if (prog.uniLoc[name]) gl.uniformMatrix4fv(prog.uniLoc[name], false, mat); },
Compile: function (source, shaderStage) {
var shaderScript = document.getElementById(source);
if (shaderScript)
source = shaderScript.text;
var shaderObj = gl.createShader(shaderStage);
gl.shaderSource(shaderObj, source);
gl.compileShader(shaderObj);
var status = gl.getShaderParameter(shaderObj, gl.COMPILE_STATUS);
if (!status) alert(gl.getShaderInfoLog(shaderObj));
return status ? shaderObj : null;
},
Link: function (shaderObjs) {
var prog = gl.createProgram();
for (var i_sh = 0; i_sh < shaderObjs.length; ++i_sh)
gl.attachShader(prog, shaderObjs[i_sh]);
gl.linkProgram(prog);
status = gl.getProgramParameter(prog, gl.LINK_STATUS);
if ( !status ) alert(gl.getProgramInfoLog(prog));
return status ? prog : null;
} };
var VertexBuffer = {
Create: function(attribs, indices, type) {
var buffer = { buf: [], attr: [], inx: gl.createBuffer(), inxLen: indices.length, primitive_type: type ? type : gl.TRIANGLES };
for (var i=0; i<attribs.length; ++i) {
buffer.buf.push(gl.createBuffer());
buffer.attr.push({ size : attribs[i].attrSize, loc : attribs[i].attrLoc, no_of: attribs[i].data.length/attribs[i].attrSize });
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer.buf[i]);
gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, new Float32Array( attribs[i].data ), gl.STATIC_DRAW);
}
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, null);
if ( buffer.inxLen > 0 ) {
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer.inx);
gl.bufferData(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, new Uint16Array( indices ), gl.STATIC_DRAW);
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, null);
}
return buffer;
},
Draw: function(bufObj) {
for (var i=0; i<bufObj.buf.length; ++i) {
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, bufObj.buf[i]);
gl.vertexAttribPointer(bufObj.attr[i].loc, bufObj.attr[i].size, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);
gl.enableVertexAttribArray( bufObj.attr[i].loc);
}
if ( bufObj.inxLen > 0 ) {
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, bufObj.inx);
gl.drawElements(bufObj.primitive_type, bufObj.inxLen, gl.UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0);
gl.bindBuffer( gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, null );
}
else
gl.drawArrays(bufObj.primitive_type, 0, bufObj.attr[0].no_of );
for (var i=0; i<bufObj.buf.length; ++i)
gl.disableVertexAttribArray(bufObj.attr[i].loc);
gl.bindBuffer( gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, null );
} };
initScene();
})();<script id="draw-shader-vs" type="x-shader/x-vertex">
precision highp float;
attribute vec3 inPos;
attribute vec3 inNV;
varying vec4 v_clip_pos;
uniform mat4 u_projectionMat44;
uniform mat4 u_viewMat44;
uniform mat4 u_modelMat44;
void main()
{
vec4 pos = u_viewMat44 * u_modelMat44 * vec4( inPos, 1.0 );
v_clip_pos = u_projectionMat44 * pos;
gl_Position = v_clip_pos;
}
</script>
<script id="draw-shader-fs" type="x-shader/x-fragment">
#extension GL_OES_standard_derivatives : enable
precision mediump float;
varying vec4 v_clip_pos;
uniform highp vec3 color;
void main()
{
vec3 ndc_pos = v_clip_pos.xyz / v_clip_pos.w;
vec3 dx = dFdx( ndc_pos );
vec3 dy = dFdy( ndc_pos );
vec3 N = normalize(cross(dx, dy));
N *= sign(N.z);
vec3 L = vec3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
float NdotL = dot(N, L);
vec3 diffuse_color = color * NdotL;
gl_FragColor = vec4( diffuse_color.rgb, 1.0 );
}
</script>
<canvas id="canvas" style="border: none;"></canvas>