获取一系列列表的笛卡尔积?

时间:2009-02-10 19:54:17

标签: python list

如何从一组列表中获取笛卡尔积(每种可能的值组合)?

输入:

somelists = [
   [1, 2, 3],
   ['a', 'b'],
   [4, 5]
]

期望的输出:

[(1, 'a', 4), (1, 'a', 5), (1, 'b', 4), (1, 'b', 5), (2, 'a', 4), (2, 'a', 5) ...]

16 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:314)

在Python 2.6 +

import itertools
for element in itertools.product(*somelists):
    print(element)

文档: Python 3 - itertools.product

答案 1 :(得分:70)

import itertools
>>> for i in itertools.product([1,2,3],['a','b'],[4,5]):
...         print i
...
(1, 'a', 4)
(1, 'a', 5)
(1, 'b', 4)
(1, 'b', 5)
(2, 'a', 4)
(2, 'a', 5)
(2, 'b', 4)
(2, 'b', 5)
(3, 'a', 4)
(3, 'a', 5)
(3, 'b', 4)
(3, 'b', 5)
>>>

答案 2 :(得分:33)

对于Python 2.5及更早版本:

>>> [(a, b, c) for a in [1,2,3] for b in ['a','b'] for c in [4,5]]
[(1, 'a', 4), (1, 'a', 5), (1, 'b', 4), (1, 'b', 5), (2, 'a', 4), 
 (2, 'a', 5), (2, 'b', 4), (2, 'b', 5), (3, 'a', 4), (3, 'a', 5), 
 (3, 'b', 4), (3, 'b', 5)]

这是product()的递归版本(仅举例说明):

def product(*args):
    if not args:
        return iter(((),)) # yield tuple()
    return (items + (item,) 
            for items in product(*args[:-1]) for item in args[-1])

示例:

>>> list(product([1,2,3], ['a','b'], [4,5])) 
[(1, 'a', 4), (1, 'a', 5), (1, 'b', 4), (1, 'b', 5), (2, 'a', 4), 
 (2, 'a', 5), (2, 'b', 4), (2, 'b', 5), (3, 'a', 4), (3, 'a', 5), 
 (3, 'b', 4), (3, 'b', 5)]
>>> list(product([1,2,3]))
[(1,), (2,), (3,)]
>>> list(product([]))
[]
>>> list(product())
[()]

答案 3 :(得分:17)

itertools.product

import itertools
result = list(itertools.product(*somelists))

答案 4 :(得分:11)

在Python 2.6及更高版本中,您可以使用'itertools.product`。在旧版本的Python中,您可以使用以下(几乎 - 请参阅文档)等效code from the documentation,至少作为起点:

def product(*args, **kwds):
    # product('ABCD', 'xy') --> Ax Ay Bx By Cx Cy Dx Dy
    # product(range(2), repeat=3) --> 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
    pools = map(tuple, args) * kwds.get('repeat', 1)
    result = [[]]
    for pool in pools:
        result = [x+[y] for x in result for y in pool]
    for prod in result:
        yield tuple(prod)

两者的结果都是迭代器,所以如果你真的需要一个列表进行进一步处理,请使用list(result)

答案 5 :(得分:10)

我会使用列表理解:

somelists = [
   [1, 2, 3],
   ['a', 'b'],
   [4, 5]
]

cart_prod = [(a,b,c) for a in somelists[0] for b in somelists[1] for c in somelists[2]]

答案 6 :(得分:9)

这是一个递归生成器,它不存储任何临时列表

def product(ar_list):
    if not ar_list:
        yield ()
    else:
        for a in ar_list[0]:
            for prod in product(ar_list[1:]):
                yield (a,)+prod

print list(product([[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]]))

输出:

[(1, 3, 5), (1, 3, 6), (1, 4, 5), (1, 4, 6), (2, 3, 5), (2, 3, 6), (2, 4, 5), (2, 4, 6)]

答案 7 :(得分:6)

虽然已有很多答案,但我想分享一下我的想法:

迭代方法

def cartesian_iterative(pools):
  result = [[]]
  for pool in pools:
    result = [x+[y] for x in result for y in pool]
  return result

递归方法

def cartesian_recursive(pools):
  if len(pools) > 2:
    pools[0] = product(pools[0], pools[1])
    del pools[1]
    return cartesian_recursive(pools)
  else:
    pools[0] = product(pools[0], pools[1])
    del pools[1]
    return pools
def product(x, y):
  return [xx + [yy] if isinstance(xx, list) else [xx] + [yy] for xx in x for yy in y]

Lambda方法

def cartesian_reduct(pools):
  return reduce(lambda x,y: product(x,y) , pools)

答案 8 :(得分:2)

只是为已经说过的内容添加一点:如果你使用sympy,你可以使用符号而不是字符串,这使得它们在数学上有用。

import itertools
import sympy

x, y = sympy.symbols('x y')

somelist = [[x,y], [1,2,3], [4,5]]
somelist2 = [[1,2], [1,2,3], [4,5]]

for element in itertools.product(*somelist):
  print element

关于sympy

答案 9 :(得分:2)

对可变风格的上述递归生成器解决方案的一个小修改:

def product_args(*args):
    if args:
        for a in args[0]:
            for prod in product_args(*args[1:]) if args[1:] else ((),):
                yield (a,) + prod

当然是一个包装器,它使它与该解决方案完全相同:

def product2(ar_list):
    """
    >>> list(product(()))
    [()]
    >>> list(product2(()))
    []
    """
    return product_args(*ar_list)

一次权衡:它检查递归是否应该在每个外部循环中断开,并且一次增益:空调时没有收益,例如product(()) ,我认为在语义上更正确(参见doctest)。

关于列表理解:数学定义适用于任意数量的参数,而列表理解只能处理已知数量的参数。

答案 10 :(得分:2)

递归方法:

def rec_cart(start, array, partial, results):
  if len(partial) == len(array):
    results.append(partial)
    return 

  for element in array[start]:
    rec_cart(start+1, array, partial+[element], results)

rec_res = []
some_lists = [[1, 2, 3], ['a', 'b'], [4, 5]]  
rec_cart(0, some_lists, [], rec_res)
print(rec_res)

迭代方法:

def itr_cart(array):
  results = [[]]
  for i in range(len(array)):
    temp = []
    for res in results:
      for element in array[i]:
        temp.append(res+[element])
    results = temp

  return results

some_lists = [[1, 2, 3], ['a', 'b'], [4, 5]]  
itr_res = itr_cart(some_lists)
print(itr_res)

答案 11 :(得分:1)

我相信这可行:

def cartesian_product(L):  
   if L:
       return {(a,) + b for a in L[0] 
                        for b in cartesian_product(L[1:])}
   else:
       return {()}

答案 12 :(得分:0)

Stonehenge方法:

def giveAllLists(a, t):
    if (t + 1 == len(a)):
        x = []
        for i in a[t]:
            p = [i]
            x.append(p)
        return x
    x = []

    out = giveAllLists(a, t + 1)
    for i in a[t]:

        for j in range(len(out)):
            p = [i]
            for oz in out[j]:
                p.append(oz)
            x.append(p)
    return x

xx= [[1,2,3],[22,34,'se'],['k']]
print(giveAllLists(xx, 0))


输出:

[[1, 22, 'k'], [1, 34, 'k'], [1, 'se', 'k'], [2, 22, 'k'], [2, 34, 'k'], [2, 'se', 'k'], [3, 22, 'k'], [3, 34, 'k'], [3, 'se', 'k']]

答案 13 :(得分:0)

提前拒绝:

def my_product(pools: List[List[Any]], rules: Dict[Any, List[Any]], forbidden: List[Any]) -> Iterator[Tuple[Any]]:
    """
    Compute the cartesian product except it rejects some combinations based on provided rules
    
    :param pools: the values to calculate the Cartesian product on 
    :param rules: a dict specifying which values each value is incompatible with
    :param forbidden: values that are never authorized in the combinations
    :return: the cartesian product
    """
    if not pools:
        return

    included = set()

    # if an element has an entry of 0, it's acceptable, if greater than 0, it's rejected, cannot be negative
    incompatibles = defaultdict(int)
    for value in forbidden:
        incompatibles[value] += 1
    selections = [-1] * len(pools)
    pool_idx = 0

    def current_value():
        return pools[pool_idx][selections[pool_idx]]

    while True:
        # Discard incompatibilities from value from previous iteration on same pool
        if selections[pool_idx] >= 0:
            for value in rules[current_value()]:
                incompatibles[value] -= 1
            included.discard(current_value())

        # Try to get to next value of same pool
        if selections[pool_idx] != len(pools[pool_idx]) - 1:
            selections[pool_idx] += 1
        # Get to previous pool if current is exhausted
        elif pool_idx != 0:
            selections[pool_idx] = - 1
            pool_idx -= 1
            continue
        # Done if first pool is exhausted
        else:
            break

        # Add incompatibilities of newly added value
        for value in rules[current_value()]:
            incompatibles[value] += 1
        included.add(current_value())

        # Skip value if incompatible
        if incompatibles[current_value()] or \
                any(intersection in included for intersection in rules[current_value()]):
            continue

        # Submit combination if we're at last pool
        if pools[pool_idx] == pools[-1]:
            yield tuple(pool[selection] for pool, selection in zip(pools, selections))
        # Else get to next pool
        else:
            pool_idx += 1

我在 a case 处必须获取一个非常大的笛卡尔积的第一个结果。尽管我只想要一件物品,但这需要很长时间。问题在于,由于结果的顺序,它必须遍历许多不需要的结果才能找到正确的结果。因此,如果我有 10 个包含 50 个元素的列表,并且前两个列表的第一个元素不兼容,则它必须遍历最后 8 个列表的笛卡尔积,尽管它们都会被拒绝。

此实现允许在结果包含每个列表中的一项之前对其进行测试。因此,当我检查某个元素是否与之​​前列表中已包含的元素不兼容时,我会立即转到当前列表的下一个元素,而不是遍历以下列表的所有产品。

答案 14 :(得分:0)

以下代码是 Using numpy to build an array of all combinations of two arrays 的 95% 副本,所有学分都在那里!据说这要快得多,因为它只在 numpy 中。

    implementation "org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-core:1.3.9",
    implementation "org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-android:1.3.9"

如果您不想从所有条目的第一个条目中获取 dtype,则需要将 dtype 定义为参数。如果您有字母和数字作为项目,则取 dtype = 'object'。测试:

    private val actor = actor<CelebrationAction>(UI, Channel.CONFLATED) {

        for (action in this) when (action) {
                 
            
            }
        }
    }

出:

setTimeout(()=>
   document.querySelector("meta[name=viewport]").setAttribute("content", "height=" + screen.height*0.9 + "px, width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0")
, 300);

答案 15 :(得分:-1)

您可以在标准库中使用itertools.product来获得笛卡尔积。 itertools中其他很酷的相关实用程序包括permutationscombinationscombinations_with_replacement。这是以下代码段的a link到python codepen:

from itertools import product

somelists = [
   [1, 2, 3],
   ['a', 'b'],
   [4, 5]
]

result = list(product(*somelists))
print(result)