我试图用C ++更好地了解person | number of fruits sold | ranking
A | 5 | 2
B | 6 | 1
C | 2 | 4
D | 5 | 2
E | 3 | 3
,遇到this question,在我看来实际上只有一个容器通常使用的分配器类(例如std::allocator
)我的问题是如何实现这种分配器?就像是定期重新分配的堆栈吗?如果没有,实际上如何实现?
答案 0 :(得分:6)
默认分配器为std::allocator
,并且在需要时仅使用::operator new
,所以没有什么特别的。这与您为每个所需的对象自己进行new
和delete
相同。您可以在标准中的[default.allocator]
下阅读有关此内容的更多信息。
分配器的“接口”(实际上只是一组要求,在模板实例化期间强制执行)是围绕此过程的包装程序,允许采用替代的内存供应方法。
例如,您可能提供的替代分配器可以实现memory pool或其他针对您的需求的分配器,从而减少诚实到善良的动态分配。
标准容器以及它们的元素类型都有一个分配器类型作为模板参数(您通常不会注意到这一点!),这就是您选择用于该容器的替代实现的方式。
在这些情况下,通常将预先分配一些大内存,然后在适当的时候分配一些小内存。从这个意义上讲,这样的实现可以看作是“堆中的堆”,但是实际上根本没有理由需要给它提供堆语义。它只需要遵守概念Allocator的要求。
Josuttis先生在http://www.josuttis.com/cppcode/allocator.html上举了一个(无聊的)例子;我在这里复制它:
/* The following code example is taken from the book
* "The C++ Standard Library - A Tutorial and Reference"
* by Nicolai M. Josuttis, Addison-Wesley, 1999
*
* (C) Copyright Nicolai M. Josuttis 1999.
* Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this software
* is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies.
* This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
* warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
*/
#include <limits>
#include <iostream>
namespace MyLib {
template <class T>
class MyAlloc {
public:
// type definitions
typedef T value_type;
typedef T* pointer;
typedef const T* const_pointer;
typedef T& reference;
typedef const T& const_reference;
typedef std::size_t size_type;
typedef std::ptrdiff_t difference_type;
// rebind allocator to type U
template <class U>
struct rebind {
typedef MyAlloc<U> other;
};
// return address of values
pointer address (reference value) const {
return &value;
}
const_pointer address (const_reference value) const {
return &value;
}
/* constructors and destructor
* - nothing to do because the allocator has no state
*/
MyAlloc() throw() {
}
MyAlloc(const MyAlloc&) throw() {
}
template <class U>
MyAlloc (const MyAlloc<U>&) throw() {
}
~MyAlloc() throw() {
}
// return maximum number of elements that can be allocated
size_type max_size () const throw() {
return std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max() / sizeof(T);
}
// allocate but don't initialize num elements of type T
pointer allocate (size_type num, const void* = 0) {
// print message and allocate memory with global new
std::cerr << "allocate " << num << " element(s)"
<< " of size " << sizeof(T) << std::endl;
pointer ret = (pointer)(::operator new(num*sizeof(T)));
std::cerr << " allocated at: " << (void*)ret << std::endl;
return ret;
}
// initialize elements of allocated storage p with value value
void construct (pointer p, const T& value) {
// initialize memory with placement new
new((void*)p)T(value);
}
// destroy elements of initialized storage p
void destroy (pointer p) {
// destroy objects by calling their destructor
p->~T();
}
// deallocate storage p of deleted elements
void deallocate (pointer p, size_type num) {
// print message and deallocate memory with global delete
std::cerr << "deallocate " << num << " element(s)"
<< " of size " << sizeof(T)
<< " at: " << (void*)p << std::endl;
::operator delete((void*)p);
}
};
// return that all specializations of this allocator are interchangeable
template <class T1, class T2>
bool operator== (const MyAlloc<T1>&,
const MyAlloc<T2>&) throw() {
return true;
}
template <class T1, class T2>
bool operator!= (const MyAlloc<T1>&,
const MyAlloc<T2>&) throw() {
return false;
}
}
和用法:
#include <vector>
#include "myalloc.hpp"
int main()
{
// create a vector, using MyAlloc<> as allocator
std::vector<int,MyLib::MyAlloc<int> > v;
// insert elements
// - causes reallocations
v.push_back(42);
v.push_back(56);
v.push_back(11);
v.push_back(22);
v.push_back(33);
v.push_back(44);
}
答案 1 :(得分:0)
分配器只是提供一种分配内存,取消分配内存,构造对象并销毁它们的策略。
它们不提供重新分配内存的策略(增加先前分配的内存区域的大小)。因此,在所有容器中,如果必须增加内存:
vector
那样,分配一个更大的新内存区域,复制其中的旧元素,然后释放先前的内存区域。