我正在尝试学习有关测试Flask应用程序的知识。为此，我使用pytest和sqlalchemy。
我想测试一个模板，该模板传递一些SQL内容。因此，我认为我需要一个testClient来测试路由本身，并需要一个数据库夹具来管理路由中包含的数据库内容。
这是我的固定装置：
import pytest
from config import TestingConfig
from application import create_app, db
# ###########################
# ## functional tests
# ###########################
@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
def test_client():
app = create_app(TestingConfig)
# Flask provides a way to test your application by exposing the Werkzeug
# test Client and handling the context locals for you.
testing_client = app.test_client()
with app.app_context():
db.create_all()
yield testing_client # this is where the testing happens!
db.drop_all()
这是我的基本测试：
def test_home_page(test_client):
"""
GIVEN a Flask application
WHEN the '/' page is requested (GET)
THEN check the response is valid and contains rendered content
"""
response = test_client.get('/')
assert response.status_code == 200
assert "SOME CONTENT" in response.data
运行测试失败，并显示以下信息：
=================================================================================================== test session starts ===================================================================================================
platform linux -- Python 3.5.2, pytest-3.8.0, py-1.5.4, pluggy-0.7.1
rootdir: /home/dakkar/devzone/private/, inifile:
collected 2 items
tests/test_main.py
SETUP M test_client
tests/test_main.py::test_home_page (fixtures used: test_client)F
tests/test_main.py::test_valid_order_message (fixtures used: test_client).
TEARDOWN M test_client
======================================================================================================== FAILURES =========================================================================================================
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ test_home_page ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
self = <sqlalchemy.engine.base.Connection object at 0x7f1c3f29b630>, dialect = <sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.pysqlite.SQLiteDialect_pysqlite object at 0x7f1c3f2c4ba8>
constructor = <bound method DefaultExecutionContext._init_compiled of <class 'sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.base.SQLiteExecutionContext'>>
statement = 'SELECT sum("order".col2_count) AS orders_col2, sum("order".col1_count) AS orders_col1, count("order".id) AS orders_count \nFROM "order"', parameters = ()
args = (<sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.base.SQLiteCompiler object at 0x7f1c3f29b6d8>, [immutabledict({})]), conn = <sqlalchemy.pool._ConnectionFairy object at 0x7f1c3f29b550>
context = <sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.base.SQLiteExecutionContext object at 0x7f1c3f29b6a0>
def _execute_context(self, dialect, constructor,
statement, parameters,
*args):
"""Create an :class:`.ExecutionContext` and execute, returning
a :class:`.ResultProxy`."""
try:
try:
conn = self.__connection
except AttributeError:
# escape "except AttributeError" before revalidating
# to prevent misleading stacktraces in Py3K
conn = None
if conn is None:
conn = self._revalidate_connection()
context = constructor(dialect, self, conn, *args)
except BaseException as e:
self._handle_dbapi_exception(
e,
util.text_type(statement), parameters,
None, None)
if context.compiled:
context.pre_exec()
cursor, statement, parameters = context.cursor, \
context.statement, \
context.parameters
if not context.executemany:
parameters = parameters[0]
if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
for fn in self.dispatch.before_cursor_execute:
statement, parameters = \
fn(self, cursor, statement, parameters,
context, context.executemany)
if self._echo:
self.engine.logger.info(statement)
self.engine.logger.info(
"%r",
sql_util._repr_params(parameters, batches=10)
)
evt_handled = False
try:
if context.executemany:
if self.dialect._has_events:
for fn in self.dialect.dispatch.do_executemany:
if fn(cursor, statement, parameters, context):
evt_handled = True
break
if not evt_handled:
self.dialect.do_executemany(
cursor,
statement,
parameters,
context)
elif not parameters and context.no_parameters:
if self.dialect._has_events:
for fn in self.dialect.dispatch.do_execute_no_params:
if fn(cursor, statement, context):
evt_handled = True
break
if not evt_handled:
self.dialect.do_execute_no_params(
cursor,
statement,
context)
else:
if self.dialect._has_events:
for fn in self.dialect.dispatch.do_execute:
if fn(cursor, statement, parameters, context):
evt_handled = True
break
if not evt_handled:
self.dialect.do_execute(
cursor,
statement,
parameters,
> context)
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py:1193:
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
self = <sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.pysqlite.SQLiteDialect_pysqlite object at 0x7f1c3f2c4ba8>, cursor = <sqlite3.Cursor object at 0x7f1c3f2c2ce0>
statement = 'SELECT sum("order".col2_count) AS orders_col2, sum("order".col1_count) AS orders_col1, count("order".id) AS orders_count \nFROM "order"', parameters = ()
context = <sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.base.SQLiteExecutionContext object at 0x7f1c3f29b6a0>
def do_execute(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
> cursor.execute(statement, parameters)
E sqlite3.OperationalError: no such table: order
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/default.py:509: OperationalError
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
test_client = <FlaskClient <Flask 'application'>>
def test_home_page(test_client):
"""
GIVEN a Flask application
WHEN the '/' page is requested (GET)
THEN check the response is valid and contains rendered content
"""
> response = test_client.get('/')
tests/test_main.py:7:
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/test.py:830: in get
return self.open(*args, **kw)
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testing.py:200: in open
follow_redirects=follow_redirects
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/test.py:803: in open
response = self.run_wsgi_app(environ, buffered=buffered)
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/test.py:716: in run_wsgi_app
rv = run_wsgi_app(self.application, environ, buffered=buffered)
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/test.py:923: in run_wsgi_app
app_rv = app(environ, start_response)
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/app.py:2309: in __call__
return self.wsgi_app(environ, start_response)
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/app.py:2295: in wsgi_app
response = self.handle_exception(e)
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/app.py:1741: in handle_exception
reraise(exc_type, exc_value, tb)
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/_compat.py:35: in reraise
raise value
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/app.py:2292: in wsgi_app
response = self.full_dispatch_request()
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/app.py:1815: in full_dispatch_request
rv = self.handle_user_exception(e)
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/app.py:1718: in handle_user_exception
reraise(exc_type, exc_value, tb)
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/_compat.py:35: in reraise
raise value
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/app.py:1813: in full_dispatch_request
rv = self.dispatch_request()
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/app.py:1799: in dispatch_request
return self.view_functions[rule.endpoint](**req.view_args)
application/main/routes.py:20: in index
func.count(Order.id).label("orders_count")
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py:2947: in one
ret = self.one_or_none()
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py:2917: in one_or_none
ret = list(self)
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py:2988: in __iter__
return self._execute_and_instances(context)
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py:3011: in _execute_and_instances
result = conn.execute(querycontext.statement, self._params)
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py:948: in execute
return meth(self, multiparams, params)
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/elements.py:269: in _execute_on_connection
return connection._execute_clauseelement(self, multiparams, params)
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py:1060: in _execute_clauseelement
compiled_sql, distilled_params
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py:1200: in _execute_context
context)
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py:1413: in _handle_dbapi_exception
exc_info
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/compat.py:265: in raise_from_cause
reraise(type(exception), exception, tb=exc_tb, cause=cause)
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/compat.py:248: in reraise
raise value.with_traceback(tb)
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py:1193: in _execute_context
context)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
self = <sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.pysqlite.SQLiteDialect_pysqlite object at 0x7f1c3f2c4ba8>, cursor = <sqlite3.Cursor object at 0x7f1c3f2c2ce0>
statement = 'SELECT sum("order".col2_count) AS orders_col2, sum("order".col1_count) AS orders_col1, count("order".id) AS orders_count \nFROM "order"', parameters = ()
context = <sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.base.SQLiteExecutionContext object at 0x7f1c3f29b6a0>
def do_execute(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
> cursor.execute(statement, parameters)
E sqlalchemy.exc.OperationalError: (sqlite3.OperationalError) no such table: order [SQL: 'SELECT sum("order".col2_count) AS orders_col2, sum("order".col1_count) AS orders_col1, count("order".id) AS orders_count \nFROM "order"'] (Background on this error at: http://sqlalche.me/e/e3q8)
venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/default.py:509: OperationalError
=========================================================================================== 1 failed, 1 passed in 0.52 seconds ============================================================================================
这告诉我：db.create_all（）不会不在我的测试数据库中创建所有表。 任何提示，我在这里做错了什么？
一些其他信息：
更多调试： 我在这里遵循了该指南：https://xvrdm.github.io/2017/07/03/testing-flask-sqlalchemy-database-with-pytest/
这是奇怪的地方：
来自上方的链接：
>>> db.engine.table_names() # Check the tables currently on the engine
[] # no table found
>>> db.create_all() # Create the tables according to defined models
>>> db.engine.table_names()
['users'] # Now table 'users' is found
我的项目中发生了什么
>>> db.engine.table_names()
[]
>>> db.create_all()
>>> db.engine.table_names()
[]
>>>
models.py中的片段：
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
db = SQLAlchemy()
class Order(db.Model):
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
email = db.Column(db.String(120), index=True, unique=True)
答案 0 :(得分：5)
您必须在后台使用flask-sqlalchemy，它使用声明性扩展来定义模型。
通过子类化sqlalchemy declarative base类，sqlalchemy将为您生成Table和mapper，这些新创建的表信息存储在相应的Metadata obj中。 db.create_all() actually is metadata.create_all()，只会create tables stored in the metadata。
因此，在尝试使用metadata.create_all创建表之前，必须先将该表的信息存储到metadata注册表中，这等同于定义声明性基类。在python中，这意味着要执行您的类定义代码，依次执行import和module所定义的类。
答案 1 :(得分：0)
我找到了解决方法。
@dmitrybelyakov非常接近它：
导入模型是提示。
什么不起作用：
from application.model import Order
有效的方法：
from application.model import *
我不清楚，为什么导入单个模型不起作用，但最终它仍在运行。这是我完整的装置：
import pytest
from config import TestingConfig
from application import create_app, db
from application.models import *
# ###########################
# ## functional tests
# ###########################
@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
def test_client():
app = create_app(TestingConfig)
# Flask provides a way to test your application by exposing the Werkzeug
# test Client and handling the context locals for you.
testing_client = app.test_client()
with app.app_context():
db.create_all()
yield testing_client # this is where the testing happens!
db.drop_all()