假设有一个脚本做这样的事情:
# module writer.py
import sys
def write():
sys.stdout.write("foobar")
现在假设我想捕获write
函数的输出并将其存储在变量中以供进一步处理。天真的解决方案是:
# module mymodule.py
from writer import write
out = write()
print out.upper()
但这不起作用。我想出了另一种解决方案,但是它可以工作,但是请告诉我是否有更好的方法来解决问题。感谢
import sys
from cStringIO import StringIO
# setup the environment
backup = sys.stdout
# ####
sys.stdout = StringIO() # capture output
write()
out = sys.stdout.getvalue() # release output
# ####
sys.stdout.close() # close the stream
sys.stdout = backup # restore original stdout
print out.upper() # post processing
答案 0 :(得分:43)
设置stdout
是一种合理的方法。另一种方法是将其作为另一个过程运行:
import subprocess
proc = subprocess.Popen(["python", "-c", "import writer; writer.write()"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
out = proc.communicate()[0]
print out.upper()
答案 1 :(得分:40)
以下是代码的上下文管理器版本。它产生两个值的列表;第一个是stdout,第二个是stderr。
import contextlib
@contextlib.contextmanager
def capture():
import sys
from cStringIO import StringIO
oldout,olderr = sys.stdout, sys.stderr
try:
out=[StringIO(), StringIO()]
sys.stdout,sys.stderr = out
yield out
finally:
sys.stdout,sys.stderr = oldout, olderr
out[0] = out[0].getvalue()
out[1] = out[1].getvalue()
with capture() as out:
print 'hi'
答案 2 :(得分:26)
对于未来的访问者:Python 3.4 contextlib通过redirect_stdout
上下文管理器直接提供(参见Python contextlib help):
f = io.StringIO()
with redirect_stdout(f):
help(pow)
s = f.getvalue()
答案 3 :(得分:10)
或者可能使用已存在的功能......
from IPython.utils.capture import capture_output
with capture_output() as c:
print('some output')
c()
print c.stdout
答案 4 :(得分:9)
这是我原始代码的装饰者对应物。
writer.py
保持不变:
import sys
def write():
sys.stdout.write("foobar")
mymodule.py
sligthly被修改:
from writer import write as _write
from decorators import capture
@capture
def write():
return _write()
out = write()
# out post processing...
这是装饰者:
def capture(f):
"""
Decorator to capture standard output
"""
def captured(*args, **kwargs):
import sys
from cStringIO import StringIO
# setup the environment
backup = sys.stdout
try:
sys.stdout = StringIO() # capture output
f(*args, **kwargs)
out = sys.stdout.getvalue() # release output
finally:
sys.stdout.close() # close the stream
sys.stdout = backup # restore original stdout
return out # captured output wrapped in a string
return captured
答案 5 :(得分:6)
从Python 3开始,您还可以使用sys.stdout.buffer.write()
将已编码的字节字符串写入stdout(请参阅stdout in Python 3)。
当您这样做时,简单的StringIO
方法不起作用,因为sys.stdout.encoding
和sys.stdout.buffer
都不可用。
从Python 2.6开始,您可以使用TextIOBase
API,其中包含缺少的属性:
import sys
from io import TextIOWrapper, BytesIO
# setup the environment
old_stdout = sys.stdout
sys.stdout = TextIOWrapper(BytesIO(), sys.stdout.encoding)
# do some writing (indirectly)
write("blub")
# get output
sys.stdout.seek(0) # jump to the start
out = sys.stdout.read() # read output
# restore stdout
sys.stdout.close()
sys.stdout = old_stdout
# do stuff with the output
print(out.upper())
此解决方案适用于Python 2> = 2.6和Python 3。
请注意,我们的sys.stdout.write()
只接受unicode字符串,而sys.stdout.buffer.write()
只接受字节字符串。
对于旧代码可能不是这种情况,但对于构建为在Python 2和3上运行而无需更改的代码通常就是这种情况。
如果您需要支持直接向stdout发送字节字符串而不使用stdout.buffer的代码,则可以使用以下变体:
class StdoutBuffer(TextIOWrapper):
def write(self, string):
try:
return super(StdoutBuffer, self).write(string)
except TypeError:
# redirect encoded byte strings directly to buffer
return super(StdoutBuffer, self).buffer.write(string)
您不必将缓冲区的编码设置为sys.stdout.encoding,但这在使用此方法测试/比较脚本输出时会有所帮助。
答案 6 :(得分:3)
问题here(如何重定向输出,而不是tee
部分的示例)使用os.dup2
在操作系统级别重定向流。这很好,因为它也适用于从程序中生成的命令。
答案 7 :(得分:3)
我认为你应该看看这四个对象:
from test.test_support import captured_stdout, captured_output, \
captured_stderr, captured_stdin
示例:
from writer import write
with captured_stdout() as stdout:
write()
print stdout.getvalue().upper()
UPD:正如Eric在评论中所说,不应该直接使用它们,所以我复制并粘贴它。
# Code from test.test_support:
import contextlib
import sys
@contextlib.contextmanager
def captured_output(stream_name):
"""Return a context manager used by captured_stdout and captured_stdin
that temporarily replaces the sys stream *stream_name* with a StringIO."""
import StringIO
orig_stdout = getattr(sys, stream_name)
setattr(sys, stream_name, StringIO.StringIO())
try:
yield getattr(sys, stream_name)
finally:
setattr(sys, stream_name, orig_stdout)
def captured_stdout():
"""Capture the output of sys.stdout:
with captured_stdout() as s:
print "hello"
self.assertEqual(s.getvalue(), "hello")
"""
return captured_output("stdout")
def captured_stderr():
return captured_output("stderr")
def captured_stdin():
return captured_output("stdin")
答案 8 :(得分:3)
我喜欢contextmanager解决方案但是如果你需要使用open文件和fileno支持存储的缓冲区,你可以做这样的事情。
import six
from six.moves import StringIO
class FileWriteStore(object):
def __init__(self, file_):
self.__file__ = file_
self.__buff__ = StringIO()
def __getattribute__(self, name):
if name in {
"write", "writelines", "get_file_value", "__file__",
"__buff__"}:
return super(FileWriteStore, self).__getattribute__(name)
return self.__file__.__getattribute__(name)
def write(self, text):
if isinstance(text, six.string_types):
try:
self.__buff__.write(text)
except:
pass
self.__file__.write(text)
def writelines(self, lines):
try:
self.__buff__.writelines(lines)
except:
pass
self.__file__.writelines(lines)
def get_file_value(self):
return self.__buff__.getvalue()
使用
import sys
sys.stdout = FileWriteStore(sys.stdout)
print "test"
buffer = sys.stdout.get_file_value()
# you don't want to print the buffer while still storing
# else it will double in size every print
sys.stdout = sys.stdout.__file__
print buffer
答案 9 :(得分:2)
这是一个上下文管理器,它从@JonnyJD的answer获得启发,支持将字节写入'%'
属性,但也利用sys's dunder-io referenes进行了进一步的简化。
man 3 printf
输出为:
buffer