RSACryptoServiceProvider(.NET的RSA)可以使用SHA256进行加密(不签名)而不是SHA1吗?

时间:2011-02-25 04:09:36

标签: c# cryptography rsa

加密时,RSACryptoServiceProvider(或.NET提供的任何其他RSA加密器)可以使用SHA256而不是SHA1吗?

SHA1似乎是硬编码的,无法更改它。例如,RSACryptoServiceProvider.SignatureAlgorithm被硬编码为返回“http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rsa-sha1”。

如果没有办法让RSACryptoServiceProvider使用SHA256,有哪些替代方案?


更新

以下代码完美无缺,但我想将OAEPWithSHA1AndMGF1Padding更改为OAEPWithSHA256AndMGF1Padding。 C#端需要什么才能使用SHA256而不是SHA1加密?

加密是在C#中使用:

完成的
var parameters = new RSAParameters();
parameters.Exponent = new byte[] {0x01, 0x00, 0x01};
parameters.Modulus = new byte[] {0x9d, 0xc1, 0xcc, ...};
rsa.ImportParameters(parameters);

var cipherText = rsa.Encrypt(new byte[] { 0, 1, 2, 3 }, true);

解密是在Java中使用:

完成的
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("RSA/NONE/OAEPWithSHA1AndMGF1Padding", "BC");
cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, keyPair.getPrivate());
byte[] cipherText = ...;
byte[] plainText = cipher.doFinal(cipherText);

7 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:11)

RSACryptoServiceProvider可以使用基于SHA2的签名,但您必须投入一些精力。

当您使用证书获取RSACryptoServiceProvider时,底层的CryptoAPI提供程序真正重要。默认情况下,当您使用'makecert'创建证书时,它是“RSA-FULL”,它仅支持用于签名的SHA1哈希值。您需要支持SHA2的新“RSA-AES”。

因此,您可以使用其他选项创建证书:-sp“Microsoft Enhanced RSA and AES Cryptographic Provider”(或等效的-sy 24),然后您的代码看起来像(在.NET 4.0中):

var rsa = signerCertificate.PrivateKey as RSACryptoServiceProvider;
//
byte[] signature = rsa.SignData(data, CryptoConfig.CreateFromName("SHA256"));

如果您无法更改颁发证书的方式,则会有一个半连接的解决方法,该解决方案基于以下事实:默认情况下创建的RSACryptoServiceProvider支持SHA2。因此,下面的代码也可以使用,但它有点丑陋:(这段代码的作用是创建一个新的RSACryptoServiceProvider并从我们从证书中获取的密钥导入密钥)

var rsa = signerCertificate.PrivateKey as RSACryptoServiceProvider;
// Create a new RSACryptoServiceProvider
RSACryptoServiceProvider rsaClear = new RSACryptoServiceProvider();
// Export RSA parameters from 'rsa' and import them into 'rsaClear'
rsaClear.ImportParameters(rsa.ExportParameters(true));
byte[] signature = rsaClear.SignData(data, CryptoConfig.CreateFromName("SHA256"));

答案 1 :(得分:2)

从任何Windows Server 2003及更高版本操作系统上的.NET 3.5 SP1起,是的,RSACryptoServiceProvider支持签名的RSA-SHA256,但不支持加密。

来自博文Using RSACryptoServiceProvider for RSA-SHA256 signatures

byte[] data = new byte[] { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
using (RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider())
{
    byte[] signature = rsa.SignData(data, "SHA256");

    if (rsa.VerifyData(data, "SHA256", signature))
    {
        Console.WriteLine("RSA-SHA256 signature verified");
    }
    else
    {
        Console.WriteLine("RSA-SHA256 signature failed to verify");
    }
}

你应该阅读原帖,因为有一些问题需要注意。

答案 2 :(得分:2)

如果没有办法让RSACryptoServiceProvider处理OAEP-with-SHA-256(其他人的回答似乎就是这样说的话),那么你仍然可以自己实现这个操作。我们谈论的是加密部分,它仅使用公钥。公钥是公共的,这意味着您可以将其导出(实际上,在您的代码中,您已经将模数和指数作为字节数组),并且通过粗心的实现没有关于秘密数据泄漏的问题,因为这里没有密钥。

实施OAEP需要以下内容:

  • 关注PKCS#1,第7.1节。这将数据转换为加密成与RSA模数长度相同的字节序列。您将需要SHA-256实现(System.Security.Cryptography.SHA256Managed将没问题)和加密质量的来源(System.Security.Cryptography.RandomNumberGenerator)。
  • 将结果序列解码为大整数,执行模幂运算(模 n ,RSA模数),并将结果编码为与模数长度相同的另一个字节序列。编码规则是big-endian,没有符号位和固定大小(如果这是1024位RSA密钥,意味着 2 1023 < = n< 2 1024 ,那么加密的消息将始终具有正好128字节的长度,即使数值适合更少,例如127或126字节)。

.NET 4.0及更高版本提供System.Numerics.BigInteger,其中包含您需要的代码(方法ModPow())。对于以前的版本,您必须使用自定义实现;有几个躺着,谷歌一如既往地是你的朋友。这里不需要绝对性能:RSA 加密速度很快,因为公共指数很短(示例代码中为17位)。

答案 3 :(得分:1)

在提出并回答此问题后,

Bounty Castle C#更新为1.7。为了将来你可能会考虑它,它增加了对Bouncy Castle为Java提供的许多加密算法,哈希,签名的支持。点击链接,查找“1.7发行说明”和“当前功能列表:”。

答案 4 :(得分:0)

根据Microsoft MVP(Rob Teixeira),没有。您可以使用第三方库,例如Security.Cryptography.dll

答案 5 :(得分:0)

仅供参考:如何在.p12或.pfx(带私钥的证书)中更改CSP。您需要.pfx中私钥的密码才能执行以下步骤。

步骤1:将文件转换为开放格式temp.pem

openssl pkcs12 -in myCert.p12 -out temp.pem -passin pass:myPassword -passout pass:temppwd

或     openssl pkcs12 -in myCert.pfx -out temp.pem -passin pass:myPassword -passout pass:temppwd

步骤2:创建包含Windows所需的CSP引用的文件myCert2.pfx

openssl pkcs12 -export -in temp.pem -out myCert2.pfx -CSP "Microsoft Enhanced RSA and AES Cryptographic Provider" -passin pass:temppwd -passout pass:myPassword

第3步:删除temp.pem。它不再需要了。

del temp.pem

第4步:验证是否正确完成

openssl pkcs12 -info -nodes -in myCert2.pfx -passin pass:myPassword

必须显示Microsoft CSP Name: Microsoft Enhanced RSA and AES Cryptographic Provider

使用这样修改过的证书,您可以使用Kastorskijs答案中的第一个代码。

答案 6 :(得分:-1)

这里的所有其他答案都是关于使用SHA256进行签名而不是加密。我实际上会回答问题。

任何SHA-2或更高版本的算法都用于散列,不一定是加密/解密,但这并不意味着您无法使用这些算法生成密钥,然后对它们进行加密/解密。从技术上讲,我会对那些不同意这个答案的人提出这个问题,这不是用SHA256"加密,但它确实允许RSA使用使用该算法生成的散列密钥。让你的特定组织决定这是否足以符合NIST / FIPS标准,这应该是你的原因,因为在研究这个时它是我的。

加密(使用RSA或其他非对称加密算法)只需要公钥(用于加密)和私钥(用于解密)。使用该哈希创建密钥后,您可以对它们进行加密/解密。

我要将我做过的一些研究拼凑起来,以展示如何使用SHA-256哈希创建的密钥来实现这一目标,然后加密/解密。您可以通过创建证书或让RSACryptoServiceContainer为您提供一个SHA-256密钥。

证书方法

在命令行上使用以下行创建证书:

makecert -r -pe -n "CN=MyCertificate" -a sha256 -b 09/01/2016 -sky exchange C:\Temp\MyCertificate.cer -sv C:\Temp\MyCertificate.pvk
pvk2pfx.exe -pvk C:\Temp\MyCertificate.pvk -pi "MyP@ssw0rd" -spc C:\Temp\MyCertificate.cer -pfx C:\Temp\MyCertificate.pfx -po "MyP@ssw0rd"

然后将证书导入本地根权限存储并使用以下代码:

string input = "test";
string output = string.Empty;

X509Store store = new X509Store(StoreName.Root, StoreLocation.LocalMachine);
store.Open(OpenFlags.ReadOnly);

X509Certificate2Collection collection = store.Certificates.Find(X509FindType.FindBySubjectName, "MyCertificate", false);

X509Certificate2 certificate = collection[0];

using (RSACryptoServiceProvider cps = (RSACryptoServiceProvider)certificate.PublicKey.Key)
{
    byte[] bytesData = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(input);
    byte[] bytesEncrypted = cps.Encrypt(bytesData, false);
    output = Convert.ToBase64String(bytesEncrypted);
}

store.Close();

如果您想使用SHA512,则只需在制作证书时将sha256参数更改为sha512

参考https://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/69e39ad0-13c2-4b5e-bb1b-972a614813fd/encrypt-with-certificate-sha512?forum=csharpgeneral

使用RSACryptoServiceProvider生成密钥

private static string privateKey = String.Empty;

private static void generateKeys()
{
    int dwLen = 2048;
    RSACryptoServiceProvider csp = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(dwLen);
    privateKey = csp.ToXmlString(true).Replace("><",">\r\n");
}

public static string Encrypt(string data2Encrypt)
{
    try
    {
        generateKeys();
        RSAx rsax = new RSAx(privateKey, 2048);
        rsax.RSAxHashAlgorithm = RSAxParameters.RSAxHashAlgorithm.SHA256;
        byte[] CT = rsax.Encrypt(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(data2Encrypt), false, true); // first bool is for using private key (false forces to use public), 2nd is for using OAEP
        return Convert.ToBase64String(CT);
    }
    catch (Exception ex) 
    { 
        // handle exception
        MessageBox.Show("Error during encryption: " + ex.Message);
        return String.Empty;
    }
}

public static string Decrypt(string data2Decrypt)
{
    try
    {
        RSAx rsax = new RSAx(privateKey, 2048);
        rsax.RSAxHashAlgorithm = RSAxParameters.RSAxHashAlgorithm.SHA256;
        byte[] PT = rsax.Decrypt(Convert.FromBase64String(data2Decrypt), true, true); // first bool is for using private key, 2nd is for using OAEP
        return Encoding.UTF8.GetString(PT);
    }
    catch (Exception ex) 
    { 
        // handle exception
        MessageBox.Show("Error during encryption: " + ex.Message);
        return String.Empty;
    }
}

如果您想使用SHA512,可以将RSAxHashAlgorithm.SHA256更改为RSAxHashAlgorithm.SHA512

这些方法使用名为 RSAx.DLL 的DLL,使用https://www.codeproject.com/Articles/421656/RSA-Library-with-Private-Key-Encryption-in-Csharp的源代码构建,这不是我的(作者:Arpan Jati),但我已经使用过它在CodeProject's Open Source License下可供开发人员社区使用。您也可以从该项目中引入3个类,而不是:RSAx.cs,RSAxParameters.cs,RSAxUtils.cs

该代码将在30000字符限制上发布此帖子,因此我只是发布RSAx以便您可以查看正在进行的操作,但所有3个类都是必需的。您必须更改命名空间并引用System.Numerics程序集。

<强> RSAx.cs

// @Date : 15th July 2012
// @Author : Arpan Jati (arpan4017@yahoo.com; arpan4017@gmail.com)
// @Library : ArpanTECH.RSAx
// @CodeProject: http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/421656/RSA-Library-with-Private-Key-Encryption-in-Csharp  

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Numerics;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.IO;

namespace ArpanTECH
{
    /// <summary>
    /// The main RSAx Class
    /// </summary>
    public class RSAx : IDisposable
    {
        private RSAxParameters rsaParams;
        private RNGCryptoServiceProvider rng = new RNGCryptoServiceProvider();

        /// <summary>
        /// Initialize the RSA class.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="rsaParams">Preallocated RSAxParameters containing the required keys.</param>
        public RSAx(RSAxParameters rsaParams)
        {
            this.rsaParams = rsaParams;
            UseCRTForPublicDecryption = true;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Initialize the RSA class from a XML KeyInfo string.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="keyInfo">XML Containing Key Information</param>
       /// <param name="ModulusSize">Length of RSA Modulus in bits.</param>
       public RSAx(String keyInfo, int ModulusSize)
       {
            this.rsaParams = RSAxUtils.GetRSAxParameters(keyInfo, ModulusSize);
            UseCRTForPublicDecryption = true;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Hash Algorithm to be used for OAEP encoding.
        /// </summary>
        public RSAxParameters.RSAxHashAlgorithm RSAxHashAlgorithm
        {
            set
            {
                rsaParams.HashAlgorithm = value;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// If True, and if the parameters are available, uses CRT for private key decryption. (Much Faster)
        /// </summary>
        public bool UseCRTForPublicDecryption
        {
            get;  set;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Releases all the resources.
        /// </summary>
        public void Dispose()
        {
            rsaParams.Dispose();
        }

        #region PRIVATE FUNCTIONS

        /// <summary>
        /// Low level RSA Process function for use with private key.
        /// Should never be used; Because without padding RSA is vulnerable to attacks.  Use with caution.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="PlainText">Data to encrypt. Length must be less than Modulus size in octets.</param>
        /// <param name="usePrivate">True to use Private key, else Public.</param>
        /// <returns>Encrypted Data</returns>
        public byte[] RSAProcess(byte[] PlainText, bool usePrivate)
        {

            if (usePrivate && (!rsaParams.Has_PRIVATE_Info))
            {
                throw new CryptographicException("RSA Process: Incomplete Private Key Info");
            }

            if ((usePrivate == false) && (!rsaParams.Has_PUBLIC_Info))
            {
                throw new CryptographicException("RSA Process: Incomplete Public Key Info");
            }            

            BigInteger _E;
            if (usePrivate)
                _E = rsaParams.D; 
            else
                _E = rsaParams.E;

            BigInteger PT = RSAxUtils.OS2IP(PlainText, false);
            BigInteger M = BigInteger.ModPow(PT, _E, rsaParams.N);

            if (M.Sign == -1)
                return RSAxUtils.I2OSP(M + rsaParams.N, rsaParams.OctetsInModulus, false);            
            else
                return RSAxUtils.I2OSP(M, rsaParams.OctetsInModulus, false);                   
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Low level RSA Decryption function for use with private key. Uses CRT and is Much faster.
        /// Should never be used; Because without padding RSA is vulnerable to attacks. Use with caution.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="Data">Data to encrypt. Length must be less than Modulus size in octets.</param>
        /// <returns>Encrypted Data</returns>
        public byte[] RSADecryptPrivateCRT(byte[] Data)
        {
            if (rsaParams.Has_PRIVATE_Info && rsaParams.HasCRTInfo)
            {
                BigInteger C = RSAxUtils.OS2IP(Data, false);

                BigInteger M1 = BigInteger.ModPow(C, rsaParams.DP, rsaParams.P);
                BigInteger M2 = BigInteger.ModPow(C, rsaParams.DQ, rsaParams.Q);
                BigInteger H = ((M1 - M2) * rsaParams.InverseQ) % rsaParams.P;
                BigInteger M = (M2 + (rsaParams.Q * H));

                if (M.Sign == -1)
                    return RSAxUtils.I2OSP(M + rsaParams.N, rsaParams.OctetsInModulus, false);
                else
                    return RSAxUtils.I2OSP(M, rsaParams.OctetsInModulus, false); 
            }
            else
            {
                throw new CryptographicException("RSA Decrypt CRT: Incomplete Key Info");
            }                             
        }        

        private byte[] RSAProcessEncodePKCS(byte[] Message, bool usePrivate)
        {
            if (Message.Length > rsaParams.OctetsInModulus - 11)
            {
                throw new ArgumentException("Message too long.");
            }
            else
            {
                // RFC3447 : Page 24. [RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5-ENCRYPT ((n, e), M)]
                // EM = 0x00 || 0x02 || PS || 0x00 || Msg 

                List<byte> PCKSv15_Msg = new List<byte>();

                PCKSv15_Msg.Add(0x00);
                PCKSv15_Msg.Add(0x02);

                int PaddingLength = rsaParams.OctetsInModulus - Message.Length - 3;

                byte[] PS = new byte[PaddingLength];
                rng.GetNonZeroBytes(PS);

                PCKSv15_Msg.AddRange(PS);
                PCKSv15_Msg.Add(0x00);

                PCKSv15_Msg.AddRange(Message);

                return RSAProcess(PCKSv15_Msg.ToArray() ,  usePrivate);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Mask Generation Function
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="Z">Initial pseudorandom Seed.</param>
        /// <param name="l">Length of output required.</param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        private byte[] MGF(byte[] Z, int l)
        {
            if (l > (Math.Pow(2, 32)))
            {
                throw new ArgumentException("Mask too long.");
            }
            else
            {
                List<byte> result = new List<byte>();
                for (int i = 0; i <= l / rsaParams.hLen; i++)
                {
                    List<byte> data = new List<byte>();
                    data.AddRange(Z);
                    data.AddRange(RSAxUtils.I2OSP(i, 4, false));
                    result.AddRange(rsaParams.ComputeHash(data.ToArray()));
                }

                if (l <= result.Count)
                {
                    return result.GetRange(0, l).ToArray();
                }
                else
                {
                    throw new ArgumentException("Invalid Mask Length.");
                }
            }
        }


        private byte[] RSAProcessEncodeOAEP(byte[] M, byte[] P, bool usePrivate)
        {
            //                           +----------+---------+-------+
            //                      DB = |  lHash   |    PS   |   M   |
            //                           +----------+---------+-------+
            //                                          |
            //                +----------+              V
            //                |   seed   |--> MGF ---> XOR
            //                +----------+              |
            //                      |                   |
            //             +--+     V                   |
            //             |00|    XOR <----- MGF <-----|
            //             +--+     |                   |
            //               |      |                   |
            //               V      V                   V
            //             +--+----------+----------------------------+
            //       EM =  |00|maskedSeed|          maskedDB          |
            //             +--+----------+----------------------------+

            int mLen = M.Length;
            if (mLen > rsaParams.OctetsInModulus - 2 * rsaParams.hLen - 2)
            {
                throw new ArgumentException("Message too long.");
            }
            else
            {
                byte[] PS = new byte[rsaParams.OctetsInModulus - mLen - 2 * rsaParams.hLen - 2];
                //4. pHash = Hash(P),
                byte[] pHash = rsaParams.ComputeHash(P);

                //5. DB = pHash||PS||01||M.
                List<byte> _DB = new List<byte>();
                _DB.AddRange(pHash);
                _DB.AddRange(PS);
                _DB.Add(0x01);
                _DB.AddRange(M);
                byte[] DB = _DB.ToArray();

                //6. Generate a random octet string seed of length hLen.                
                byte[] seed = new byte[rsaParams.hLen];
                rng.GetBytes(seed);

                //7. dbMask = MGF(seed, k - hLen -1).
                byte[] dbMask = MGF(seed, rsaParams.OctetsInModulus - rsaParams.hLen - 1);

                //8. maskedDB = DB XOR dbMask
                byte[] maskedDB = RSAxUtils.XOR(DB, dbMask);

                //9. seedMask = MGF(maskedDB, hLen)
                byte[] seedMask = MGF(maskedDB, rsaParams.hLen);

                //10. maskedSeed = seed XOR seedMask.
                byte[] maskedSeed = RSAxUtils.XOR(seed, seedMask);

                //11. EM = 0x00 || maskedSeed || maskedDB.
                List<byte> result = new List<byte>();
                result.Add(0x00);
                result.AddRange(maskedSeed);
                result.AddRange(maskedDB);

                return RSAProcess(result.ToArray(), usePrivate);
            }
        }


        private byte[] Decrypt(byte[] Message, byte [] Parameters, bool usePrivate, bool fOAEP)
        {
            byte[] EM = new byte[0];
            try
            {
                if ((usePrivate == true) && (UseCRTForPublicDecryption) && (rsaParams.HasCRTInfo))
                {
                    EM = RSADecryptPrivateCRT(Message);
                }
                else
                {
                    EM = RSAProcess(Message, usePrivate);
                }
            }
            catch (CryptographicException ex)
            {
                throw new CryptographicException("Exception while Decryption: " + ex.Message);
            }
            catch
            {
                throw new Exception("Exception while Decryption: ");
            }

            try
            {
                if (fOAEP) //DECODE OAEP
                {
                    if ((EM.Length == rsaParams.OctetsInModulus) && (EM.Length > (2 * rsaParams.hLen + 1)))
                    {
                        byte[] maskedSeed;
                        byte[] maskedDB;
                        byte[] pHash = rsaParams.ComputeHash(Parameters);
                        if (EM[0] == 0) // RFC3447 Format : http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447
                        {
                            maskedSeed = EM.ToList().GetRange(1, rsaParams.hLen).ToArray();
                            maskedDB = EM.ToList().GetRange(1 + rsaParams.hLen, EM.Length - rsaParams.hLen - 1).ToArray();
                            byte[] seedMask = MGF(maskedDB, rsaParams.hLen);
                            byte[] seed = RSAxUtils.XOR(maskedSeed, seedMask);
                            byte[] dbMask = MGF(seed, rsaParams.OctetsInModulus - rsaParams.hLen - 1);
                            byte[] DB = RSAxUtils.XOR(maskedDB, dbMask);

                            if (DB.Length >= (rsaParams.hLen + 1))
                            {
                                byte[] _pHash = DB.ToList().GetRange(0, rsaParams.hLen).ToArray();
                                List<byte> PS_M = DB.ToList().GetRange(rsaParams.hLen, DB.Length - rsaParams.hLen);
                                int pos = PS_M.IndexOf(0x01);
                                if (pos >= 0 && (pos < PS_M.Count))
                                {
                                    List<byte> _01_M = PS_M.GetRange(pos, PS_M.Count - pos);
                                    byte[] M;
                                    if (_01_M.Count > 1)
                                    {
                                        M = _01_M.GetRange(1, _01_M.Count - 1).ToArray();
                                    }
                                    else
                                    {
                                        M = new byte[0];
                                    }
                                    bool success = true;
                                    for (int i = 0; i < rsaParams.hLen; i++)
                                    {
                                         if (_pHash[i] != pHash[i])
                                        {
                                            success = false;
                                            break;
                                        }
                                    }

                                    if (success)
                                    {
                                        return M;
                                    }
                                    else
                                    {
                                        M = new byte[rsaParams.OctetsInModulus]; //Hash Match Failure.
                                        throw new CryptographicException("OAEP Decode Error");
                                    }
                                }
                                else
                                {// #3: Invalid Encoded Message Length.
                                    throw new CryptographicException("OAEP Decode Error");
                                }
                            }
                            else
                            {// #2: Invalid Encoded Message Length.
                                throw new CryptographicException("OAEP Decode Error");
                            }
                        }
                        else // Standard : ftp://ftp.rsasecurity.com/pub/rsalabs/rsa_algorithm/rsa-oaep_spec.pdf
                        {//OAEP : THIS STADNARD IS NOT IMPLEMENTED
                            throw new CryptographicException("OAEP Decode Error");
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {// #1: Invalid Encoded Message Length.
                        throw new CryptographicException("OAEP Decode Error");
                    }
                }
                else // DECODE PKCS v1.5
                {
                    if (EM.Length >= 11)
                    {
                        if ((EM[0] == 0x00) && (EM[1] == 0x02))
                        {
                            int startIndex = 2;
                            List<byte> PS = new List<byte>();
                            for (int i = startIndex; i < EM.Length; i++)
                            {
                                if (EM[i] != 0)
                                {
                                    PS.Add(EM[i]);
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                    break;
                                }
                            }

                            if (PS.Count >= 8)
                            {
                                int DecodedDataIndex = startIndex + PS.Count + 1;
                                if (DecodedDataIndex < (EM.Length - 1))
                                {
                                    List<byte> DATA = new List<byte>();
                                    for (int i = DecodedDataIndex; i < EM.Length; i++)
                                    {
                                        DATA.Add(EM[i]);
                                    }
                                    return DATA.ToArray();
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                    return new byte[0];
                                    //throw new CryptographicException("PKCS v1.5 Decode Error #4: No Data");
                                }
                            }
                            else
                            {// #3: Invalid Key / Invalid Random Data Length
                                throw new CryptographicException("PKCS v1.5 Decode Error");
                            }
                        }
                        else
                        {// #2: Invalid Key / Invalid Identifiers
                            throw new CryptographicException("PKCS v1.5 Decode Error");
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {// #1: Invalid Key / PKCS Encoding
                        throw new CryptographicException("PKCS v1.5 Decode Error");
                    }

                }
            }
            catch (CryptographicException ex)
            {
                throw new CryptographicException("Exception while decoding: " + ex.Message);
            }
            catch
            {
                throw new CryptographicException("Exception while decoding");
            }


        }

        #endregion

        #region PUBLIC FUNCTIONS

        /// <summary>
        /// Encrypts the given message with RSA, performs OAEP Encoding.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="Message">Message to Encrypt. Maximum message length is (ModulusLengthInOctets - 2 * HashLengthInOctets - 2)</param>
        /// <param name="OAEP_Params">Optional OAEP parameters. Normally Empty. But, must match the parameters while decryption.</param>
        /// <param name="usePrivate">True to use Private key for encryption. False to use Public key.</param>
        /// <returns>Encrypted message.</returns>
        public byte[] Encrypt(byte[] Message, byte[] OAEP_Params, bool usePrivate)
        {
            return RSAProcessEncodeOAEP(Message, OAEP_Params, usePrivate);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Encrypts the given message with RSA.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="Message">Message to Encrypt. Maximum message length is For OAEP [ModulusLengthInOctets - (2 * HashLengthInOctets) - 2] and for PKCS [ModulusLengthInOctets - 11]</param>
        /// <param name="usePrivate">True to use Private key for encryption. False to use Public key.</param>
        /// <param name="fOAEP">True to use OAEP encoding (Recommended), False to use PKCS v1.5 Padding.</param>
        /// <returns>Encrypted message.</returns>
        public byte[] Encrypt(byte[] Message, bool usePrivate, bool fOAEP)
        {
            if (fOAEP)
            {
                return RSAProcessEncodeOAEP(Message, new byte[0], usePrivate);
            }
            else
            {
                return RSAProcessEncodePKCS(Message, usePrivate);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Encrypts the given message using RSA Public Key.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="Message">Message to Encrypt. Maximum message length is For OAEP [ModulusLengthInOctets - (2 * HashLengthInOctets) - 2] and for PKCS [ModulusLengthInOctets - 11]</param>
        /// <param name="fOAEP">True to use OAEP encoding (Recommended), False to use PKCS v1.5 Padding.</param>
        /// <returns>Encrypted message.</returns>
        public byte[] Encrypt(byte[] Message,  bool fOAEP)
        {
            if (fOAEP)
            {
                return RSAProcessEncodeOAEP(Message, new byte[0], false);
            }
            else
            {
                return RSAProcessEncodePKCS(Message, false);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Decrypts the given RSA encrypted message.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="Message">The encrypted message.</param>
        /// <param name="usePrivate">True to use Private key for decryption. False to use Public key.</param>
        /// <param name="fOAEP">True to use OAEP.</param>
        /// <returns>Encrypted byte array.</returns>
        public byte[] Decrypt(byte[] Message, bool usePrivate, bool fOAEP)
        {
            return Decrypt(Message, new byte[0], usePrivate, fOAEP);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Decrypts the given RSA encrypted message.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="Message">The encrypted message.</param>
        /// <param name="OAEP_Params">Parameters to the OAEP algorithm (Must match the parameter while Encryption).</param>
        /// <param name="usePrivate">True to use Private key for decryption. False to use Public key.</param>
        /// <returns>Decrypted byte array.</returns>
        public byte[] Decrypt(byte[] Message, byte[] OAEP_Params, bool usePrivate)
        {
            return Decrypt(Message, OAEP_Params, usePrivate, true);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Decrypts the given RSA encrypted message using Private key.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="Message">The encrypted message.</param>
        /// <param name="fOAEP">True to use OAEP.</param>
        /// <returns>Decrypted byte array.</returns>
        public byte[] Decrypt(byte[] Message,  bool fOAEP)
        {
            return Decrypt(Message, new byte[0], true, fOAEP);
        }
        #endregion
    }
}