我很好奇Go在以另一个接口作为目标的情况下执行类型声明时的内部情况。仅出于示例目的,请考虑来自Dave Cheney's blog的示例:
type temporary interface {
Temporary() bool
}
// IsTemporary returns true if err is temporary.
func IsTemporary(err error) bool {
te, ok := err.(temporary)
return ok && te.Temporary()
}
我希望在这里会发生大量的运行时开销,因为它必须检查err
的类型并确定它是否具有所有方法。是这样吗,还是在下面发生了一些聪明的魔术?
答案 0 :(得分:5)
您所描述的期望是有效的并成立。运行时必须检查动态类型的method set是否是您要声明的接口类型的超集。
但不要害怕。为此,实施已进行了优化(这是您的“智能法宝”)。
首先,函数类型由结构内部描述,其中方法签名(参数和结果类型)由称为 signature id 的单个整数值表示。如果2个函数具有相同的签名,则它们具有相同的签名ID。因此,要比较2个函数(以判断2个方法是否相同),运行时只需比较名称(字符串比较)和签名id(整数比较)。
接下来,仅一次检查/计算动态类型T
是否实现了接口I
,并缓存结果。因此,即使此检查涉及一些工作,它也不会多次执行,而只会执行一次,并且只要需要相同的类型检查(相同的类型断言),就会查找并使用缓存的结果。>
因此,对接口类型的类型断言最终归结为:(1)计算哈希值(一些按位操作),(2)从映射中查找值,(3)构造结果界面值。
有关接口表示的介绍,请阅读Russ Cox: Go Data Structures: Interfaces。
这是一篇包含以上所有详细信息的文章:How interfaces work in Go
例如,描述功能的相关部分是:
type _func struct {
name string
methodSig uint // two methods with the same signature have
// the same signature id. Receiver parameter
// doesn't contribute to this signature.
funcSig uint // receiver parameter accounts to this signature.
// other information ...
}
接口类型的断言:
这是将接口值声明为接口类型的内部函数:
// To call this function, compilers must assure
// 1. itype is an interface type.
// 2. outI is nil or stores the address of a value of itype.
// 3. outOk is nil or stores the address of a bool value.
func assertI2I (ivalue _interface, itype *_type,
outI *_interface, outOk *bool) {
// dynamic value is untype nil.
if ivalue.dynamicTypeInfo == nil {
// if ok is not present, panic.
if outOk == nil {
panic("interface is nil, not " + itype.name)
}
*outOk = false
if outI == nil {
*outI = _interface {
dynamicValue: nil,
dynamicTypeInfo: nil,
}
}
return
}
// check whether or not the dynamic type implements itype
var impl = getImpl(itype, ivalue.dynamicTypeInfo.dtype)
// assersion fails.
if impl == nil {
// if ok is not present, panic.
if outOk == nil {
panic("interface is " +
ivalue.dynamicTypeInfo.dtype.name +
", not " + itype.name)
}
// return (zero value, false)
*outOk = false
if outI != nil {
*outI = _interface {
dynamicValue: nil,
dynamicTypeInfo: nil,
}
}
return
}
// assersion succeeds.
if outI == nil {
*outOk = true
}
if outI != nil {
*outI = _interface {
dynamicValue: ivalue.dynamicValue,
dynamicTypeInfo: impl,
}
}
}
这是从接口类型和非接口类型获取_implementation
值的功能:
// global table
var cachedImpls = map[uint64]*_implementation{}
// itype must be an interface type and
// dtype must be a non-interface type.
// Return nil if dtype doesn't implement itype.
// Must not return nil if dtype implements itype.
func getImpl (itype *_type, dtype *_type) *_implementation {
var key = uint64(itype.id) << 32 | uint64(dtype.id)
var impl = cachedImpls[key]
if impl == nil {
// for each (dtype, itype) pair, the implementation
// method table is only calculated most once at
// run time. The calculation result will be cached.
var numMethods = len(itype.methods)
var methods = make([]*_func, numMethods)
// find every implemented methods.
// The methods of itype and dtype are both sorted
// by methodSig and name.
var n = 0
var i = 0
for _, im := range itype.methods {
for i < len(dtype.methods) {
tm := dtype.methods[i]
i++
// Here, for simplicity, assume
// all methods are exported.
if tm.methodSig < im.methodSig {
continue
}
if tm.methodSig > im.methodSig {
// im method is not implemented
return nil
}
if tm.name < im.name {
continue
}
if tm.name > im.name {
// im method is not implemented
return nil
}
methods[n] = tm
n++
break
}
}
// dtype doesn't implement all methods of itype
if n < numMethods {
return nil
}
// dtype implements itype.
// create and cache the implementation.
impl = &_implementation{
dtype: dtype,
itype: itype,
methods: methods,
}
cachedImpls[key] = impl
}
return impl
}