什么是在Rust中处理多个`Option <t>`的惯用方法?

时间:2018-06-07 00:34:25

标签: rust monads option maybe

因为我是Rust的新手,所以我需要有关如何以惯用方式完成错误处理的指导。我发现错误处理样板真的很烦人。

我遇到了多个Option<T>

:手动处理每个None案例过于冗长。

例如,在Haskell中,您可以使用各种运算符链接可选值(Maybe):fmap<*>>>=等:< / p>

f x = x * x
g x = x ++ x
main = print $ g <$> show <$> f <$> Just 2

在Rust中看起来不可能。我正在尝试将两个字符的卡片串解析为结构Card

const FACES: &'static str = "23456789TJQKA";
const SUITS: &'static str = "CDHS";
enum Face { /* ... */ }
enum Suit { C, D, H, S }
struct Card {
    face: Face,
    suit: Suit
}
impl FromStr for Card {
    type Err = ();
    fn from_str(x: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
        let mut xs = x.chars();
        let a = chain(xs.next(), |x| FACES.find(x), Face::from_usize);
        let b = chain(xs.next(), |x| SUITS.find(x), Suit::from_usize);
        if let (Some(face), Some(suit)) = (a, b) {
            Ok(Card::new(face, suit))
        } else {
            Err(())
        }
    }
}

这段代码在Haskell中看起来像这样:

import Data.List (elemIndex)
x = Just 'C'
suits = "CDHS"
data Suit = C | D | H | S deriving Show
fromInt 0 = C
find = flip elemIndex
main = print $ x >>= find suits >>= return . fromInt

感谢通过>>=链接Haskell使得操作monad的内部值成为可能(并且很容易!)。为了达到接近的目的,我必须编写chain函数,这看起来非常单一:

fn join<T>(x: Option<Option<T>>) -> Option<T> {
    if let Some(y) = x {
        y
    } else {
        None
    }
}

fn bind<A, B, F>(x: Option<A>, f: F) -> Option<B>
where
    F: FnOnce(A) -> Option<B>,
{
    join(x.map(f))
}

fn chain<A, B, C, F, G>(x: Option<A>, f: F, g: G) -> Option<C>
where
    F: FnOnce(A) -> Option<B>,
    G: FnOnce(B) -> Option<C>,
{
    bind(bind(x, f), g)
}

4 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:11)

如上所述,OptionResult上有的实用工具方法。此外,try运算符(?)也可用于“返回失败或解包结果”的极为常见的情况

我为FromStrFace实施Suit。您的代码将如下所示:

impl FromStr for Card {
    type Err = ();

    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
        let face = s[0..1].parse()?;
        let suit = s[1..2].parse()?;

        Ok(Card { face, suit })
    }
}

如果您没有/不能,您可以使用Option上的现有方法。您没有定义Foo::from_usize,因此我假设返回Foo,因此会使用map

fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
    let mut c = s.chars();

    let face = c
        .next()
        .and_then(|c| FACES.find(c))
        .map(Face::from_usize)
        .ok_or(())?;
    let suit = c
        .next()
        .and_then(|c| SUITS.find(c))
        .map(Suit::from_usize)
        .ok_or(())?;

    Ok(Card { face, suit })
}

这两个路径都允许您有有用的错误,例如枚举,让您知道套装/面部是否缺失/无效。错误类型()对消费者无用。

您还可以定义Suit::from_charFace::from_char,而不是泄漏数组的实现。

全部放在一起:

impl Suit {
    fn from_char(c: char) -> Option<Self> {
        use Suit::*;

        [('c', C), ('d', D), ('h', H), ('s', S)]
            .iter()
            .cloned()
            .find(|&(cc, _)| cc == c)
            .map(|(_, s)| s)
    }
}

enum Error {
    MissingFace,
    MissingSuit,
    InvalidFace,
    InvalidSuit,
}

impl FromStr for Card {
    type Err = Error;

    fn from_str(x: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
        use Error::*;

        let mut xs = x.chars();

        let face = xs.next().ok_or(MissingFace)?;
        let face = Face::from_char(face).ok_or(InvalidFace)?;
        let suit = xs.next().ok_or(MissingSuit)?;
        let suit = Suit::from_char(suit).ok_or(InvalidSuit)?;

        Ok(Card { face, suit })
    }
}
fn join<T>(x: Option<Option<T>>) -> Option<T>

这是x.and_then(|y| y)

fn bind<A, B, F>(x: Option<A>, f: F) -> Option<B>
where
    F: FnOnce(A) -> Option<B>,

这是x.and_then(f)

fn chain<A, B, C, F, G>(x: Option<A>, f: F, g: G) -> Option<C>
where
    F: FnOnce(A) -> Option<B>,
    G: FnOnce(B) -> Option<C>,

这是x.and_then(f).and_then(g)

另见:

答案 1 :(得分:6)

好像你想要Option::and_then

pub fn and_then<U, F>(self, f: F) -> Option<U> 
where
    F: FnOnce(T) -> Option<U>

示例:

fn sq(x: u32) -> Option<u32> { Some(x * x) }
fn nope(_: u32) -> Option<u32> { None }

assert_eq!(Some(2).and_then(sq).and_then(sq), Some(16));
assert_eq!(Some(2).and_then(sq).and_then(nope), None);
assert_eq!(Some(2).and_then(nope).and_then(sq), None);
assert_eq!(None.and_then(sq).and_then(sq), None);

答案 2 :(得分:4)

除了其他答案之外,您还可以查看mdomap_for等monadic表达包。例如map_for

fn from_str(x: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
    let mut xs = x.chars();
    map_for!{
        ax <- xs.next();
        f  <- FACES.find(ax);
        a  <- Face::from_usize(f);
        bx <- xs.next();
        s  <- SUITS.find(bx);
        b  <- Suit::from_usize (s);
        => Card::new(a, b) }
    .ok_or(Err(()))
}

完全披露:我是map_for crate的作者。

答案 3 :(得分:0)

Maybe - Rust Result中的monadic链接由the try! macro完成。应该看起来像

fn from_str(x: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
    let mut xs = x.chars();
    let a = try!(chain(xs.next(), |x| FACES.find(x), Face::from_usize));
    let b = try!(chain(xs.next(), |x| SUITS.find(x), Suit::from_usize));
    Ok(Card::new(face, suit))
}