我听说Haskell变量是不可变的,但我能够重新分配和更新变量值

时间:2018-04-17 08:52:49

标签: variables haskell immutability mutable

我听说Haskell变量是不可变的,但我能够重新分配和更新变量值

Reassigning variables

2 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:8)

首先,请注意GHCi语法与Haskell源文件语法不完全相同。特别是,x = 3实际上曾经是非法的:

GHCi, version 7.10.2: http://www.haskell.org/ghc/  :? for help
Prelude> x = 3

<interactive>:2:3: parse error on input ‘=’

新版本通过简单地将任何此类表达式重写为let x = 3来实现这一目标,这一直是好的:

GHCi, version 7.10.2: http://www.haskell.org/ghc/  :? for help
Prelude> let x = 3
Prelude> x
3

相比之下,在Haskell源文件中,let x = 3本身从来就不合法。这仅适用于特定环境,即 monadic do

main :: IO ()
main = do
   let x = 3
   print x
3

设计中的GHCi提示实际上就像do块中的行一样,所以让我们在下面讨论一下。请注意,我也可以写

main = do
   let x = 1
   let x = 3
   print x
3

这基本上也是你GHCi会议中发生的事情。但是,正如其他人所说,这是不是突变而是阴影。要了解其工作原理,请注意上述内容本质上是一种写​​作的简写方式

main =
   let x = 1
   in let x = 3
      in print x

所以,你有两个嵌套的范围。当你在某个表达式中查找变量时,Haskell总是选择“最近的”,即在内部范围内:

main =
   let x = 1
     ┌──
   in│let x = 3
     │in print x
     └─

外部x根本没有被触及,它基本上与内部范围内发生的任何事情无关。如果被问到您的文件中是否有任何可疑内容,编译器实际上会警告您:

$ ghc -Wall wtmpf-file16485.hs 
[1 of 1] Compiling Main             ( wtmpf-file16485.hs, wtmpf-file16485.o )

wtmpf-file16485.hs:3:8: warning: [-Wunused-local-binds]
    Defined but not used: ‘x’
  |
3 |    let x = 1
  |        ^

wtmpf-file16485.hs:3:12: warning: [-Wtype-defaults]
    • Defaulting the following constraint to type ‘Integer’
        Num p0 arising from the literal ‘3’
    • In the expression: 3
      In an equation for ‘x’: x = 3
      In the expression:
        do let x = 1
           let x = 3
           print x
  |
3 |    let x = 1
  |            ^

wtmpf-file16485.hs:4:8: warning: [-Wname-shadowing]
    This binding for ‘x’ shadows the existing binding
      bound at wtmpf-file16485.hs:3:8
  |
4 |    let x = 3
  |        ^

有:第二个定义只是引入了一个 new ,更多的局部变量也恰好被称为x,但与外部变量无关。即我们不妨重命名一下:

main = do
   let xOuter = 1
   let xInner = 3
   print xInner

所有这一切的结果是以这种方式“变异”的变量对使用原始变量的其他函数没有影响。例如:

GHCi, version 8.2.1: http://www.haskell.org/ghc/  :? for help
Loaded GHCi configuration from /home/sagemuej/.ghci
Loaded GHCi configuration from /home/sagemuej/.ghc/ghci.conf
Prelude> let x = 1
Prelude> let info = putStrLn ("x is ="++show x++" right now")
Prelude> x = 3
Prelude> info
x is =1 right now

另一个结果是,尝试使用旧值的“更新”表现得很有趣:

Prelude> let s = "World"
Prelude> s = "Hello"++s
Prelude> s
"HelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHelloHell^C

此处,新绑定只是将"Hello"添加到旧版s="World"。相反,它会将"Hello"添加到其自己的结果值,而后者又由"Hello"定义为......等等,递归。

答案 1 :(得分:2)

你是阴影,而不是变异。