我是来自C / C ++的Rust初学者。首先,我尝试创建一个简单的" Hello-World"像使用user32.MessageBox的Microsoft Windows程序,我偶然发现了与位域相关的问题。 免责声明:所有代码段都是在SO编辑器中编写的,可能包含错误。
调用该函数的UTF-16LE版本所需的合并C声明是:
enum MessageBoxResult {
IDFAILED,
IDOK,
IDCANCEL,
IDABORT,
IDRETRY,
IDIGNORE,
IDYES,
IDNO,
IDTRYAGAIN = 10,
IDCONTINUE
};
enum MessageBoxType {
// Normal enumeration values.
MB_OK,
MB_OKCANCEL,
MB_ABORTRETRYIGNORE,
MB_YESNOCANCEL,
MB_YESNO,
MB_RETRYCANCEL,
MB_CANCELTRYCONTINUE,
MB_ICONERROR = 0x10UL,
MB_ICONQUESTION = 0x20UL,
MB_ICONEXCLAMATION = 0x30UL,
MB_ICONINFORMATION = 0x40UL,
MB_DEFBUTTON1 = 0x000UL,
MB_DEFBUTTON2 = 0x100UL,
MB_DEFBUTTON3 = 0x200UL,
MB_DEFBUTTON4 = 0x300UL,
MB_APPLMODAL = 0x0000UL,
MB_SYSTEMMODAL = 0x1000UL,
MB_TASKMODAL = 0x2000UL,
// Flag values.
MB_HELP = 1UL << 14,
MB_SETFOREGROUND = 1UL << 16,
MB_DEFAULT_DESKTOP_ONLY = 1UL << 17,
MB_TOPMOST = 1UL << 18,
MB_RIGHT = 1UL << 19,
MB_RTLREADING = 1UL << 20,
MB_SERVICE_NOTIFICATION = 1UL << 21
};
MessageBoxResult __stdcall MessageBoxW(
HWND hWnd,
const wchar_t * lpText,
const wchar_t * lpCaption,
MessageBoxType uType
);
用法:
MessageBoxType mbType = MB_YESNO | MB_ICONEXCLAMATION | MB_DEFBUTTON3 | MB_TOPMOST;
if ((mbType & 0x07 /* All bits for buttons */ == MB_YESNO) && (mbType & 0x70 /* All bits for icons */ == MB_ICONEXCLAMATION) && (mbType & 0x300 /* All bits for default buttons */ == MB_DEFBUTTON3) && (mbType & MB_TOPMOST != 0)) {
MessageBoxW(NULL, L"Text", L"Title", mbType);
}
MessageBoxType
枚举包含枚举值和标志值。问题在于,MB_DEFBUTTON2
和MB_DEFBUTTON3
可以一起使用,并且&#34;意外地&#34;结果为MB_DEFBUTTON4
。此外,访问非常容易出错且很丑陋,我必须|
,&
并在检查值中的标志时手动移动所有内容。
在C ++中,可以巧妙地将相同的枚举放入结构中,该结构与枚举具有相同的大小,使访问方式更容易,更安全,更漂亮。它使用了位域 - the layout of bitfields not defined by the C standard,但由于我只想将它用于x86-Windows,它总是一样的,所以我可以依赖它。
enum class MessageBoxResult : std::uint32_t {
Failed,
Ok,
Cancel,
Abort,
Retry,
Ignore,
Yes,
No,
TryAgain = 10,
Continue
};
enum class MessageBoxButton : std::uint32_t {
Ok,
OkCancel,
AbortRetryIgnore,
YesNoCancel,
YesNo,
RetryCancel,
CancelTryContinue
};
enum class MessageBoxDefaultButton : std::uint32_t {
One,
Two,
Three,
Four
};
// Union so one can access all flags as a value and all boolean values separately.
union MessageBoxFlags {
enum class Flags : std::uint32_t {
None,
Help = 1UL << 0,
SetForeground = 1UL << 2,
DefaultDesktopOnly = 1UL << 3,
TopMost = 1UL << 4,
Right = 1UL << 5,
RtlReading = 1UL << 6,
ServiceNotification = 1UL << 7
};
// Flags::operator|, Flags::operator&, etc. omitted here.
Flags flags;
struct {
bool help : 1;
char _padding0 : 1;
bool setForeground : 1;
bool defaultDesktopOnly : 1;
bool topMost : 1;
bool right : 1;
bool rtlReading : 1;
bool serviceNotification : 1;
char _padding1 : 8;
char _padding2 : 8;
char _padding3 : 8;
};
constexpr MessageBoxFlags(const Flags flags = Flags::None)
: flags(flags) {}
};
enum class MessageBoxIcon : std::uint32_t {
None,
Stop,
Question,
Exclamation,
Information
};
enum class MessageBoxModality : std::uint32_t {
Application,
System,
Task
};
union MessageBoxType {
std::uint32_t value;
struct { // Used bits Minimum (Base 2) Maximum (Base 2) Min (Base 16) Max (Base 16)
MessageBoxButton button : 3; // 0000.0000.0000.0000|0000.0000.0000.0XXX 0000.0000.0000.0000|0000.0000.0000.0000 - 0000.0000.0000.0000|0000.0000.0000.0110 : 0x0000.0000 - 0x0000.0006
std::uint32_t _reserved0 : 1; // 0000.0000.0000.0000|0000.0000.0000.X000
MessageBoxIcon icon : 3; // 0000.0000.0000.0000|0000.0000.0XXX.0000 0000.0000.0000.0000|0000.0000.0001.0000 - 0000.0000.0000.0000|0000.0000.0100.0000 : 0x0000.0010 - 0x0000.0040
std::uint32_t _reserved1 : 1; // 0000.0000.0000.0000|0000.0000.X000.0000
MessageBoxDefaultButton defaultButton : 2; // 0000.0000.0000.0000|0000.00XX.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000.0000|0000.0001.0000.0000 - 0000.0000.0000.0000|0000.0011.0000.0000 : 0x0000.0100 - 0x0000.0300
std::uint32_t _reserved2 : 2; // 0000.0000.0000.0000|0000.XX00.0000.0000
MessageBoxModality modality : 2; // 0000.0000.0000.0000|00XX.0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000.0000|0001.0000.0000.0000 - 0000.0000.0000.0000|0010.0000.0000.0000 : 0x0000.1000 - 0x0000.2000
MessageBoxFlags::Flags flags : 8; // 0000.0000.00XX.XXXX|XX00.0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000.0000|0100.0000.0000.0000 - 0000.0000.0010.0000|0000.0000.0000.0000 : 0x0000.4000 - 0x0020.0000
std::uint32_t _padding0 : 10; // XXXX.XXXX.XX00.0000|0000.0000.0000.0000
};
MessageBoxType(const MessageBoxButton button, const MessageBoxIcon icon = MessageBoxIcon::None, const MessageBoxDefaultButton defaultButton = MessageBoxDefaultButton::One, const MessageBoxModality modality = MessageBoxModality::Application, const MessageBoxFlags::Flags flags = MessageBoxFlags::Flags::None)
: button(button), _reserved0(0), icon(icon), _reserved1(0), defaultButton(defaultButton), _reserved2(0), modality(modality), flags(flags), _padding0(0) {}
MessageBoxType() : value(0) {}
};
MessageBoxResult __stdcall MessageBoxW(
HWND parentWindow,
const wchar_t * text,
const wchar_t * caption,
MessageBoxType type
);
用法:
auto mbType = MessageBoxType(MessageBoxButton::YesNo, MessageBoxIcon::Exclamation, MessageBoxDefaultButton::Three, MessageBoxModality::Application, MessageBoxFlags::Flags::TopMost);
if (mbType.button == MessageBoxButton::YesNo && mbType.icon == MessageBoxIcon::Exclamation && mbType.defaultButton == MessageBoxDefaultButton::Three && mbType.flags.topMost) {
MessageBoxW(nullptr, L"Text", L"Title", mbType);
}
使用这个C ++版本,我可以将标志作为布尔值访问,并且具有其他类型的枚举类,尽管它仍然是内存中的简单std::uint32_t
。现在我努力在Rust中实现它。
#[repr(u32)]
enum MessageBoxResult {
Failed,
Ok,
Cancel,
Abort,
Retry,
Ignore,
Yes,
No,
TryAgain = 10,
Continue
}
#[repr(u32)]
enum MessageBoxButton {
Ok,
OkCancel,
AbortRetryIgnore,
YesNoCancel,
YesNo,
RetryCancel,
CancelTryContinue
}
#[repr(u32)]
enum MessageBoxDefaultButton {
One,
Two,
Three,
Four
}
#[repr(u32)]
enum MessageBoxIcon {
None,
Stop,
Question,
Exclamation,
Information
}
#[repr(u32)]
enum MessageBoxModality {
Application,
System,
Task
}
// MessageBoxFlags and MessageBoxType ?
我知道WinApi crate我的理解是从VC ++自动生成的 - 头文件没有帮助,因为我会遇到与C相同的问题。我也看到了{{3}但在我看来它并没有处理这种&#34;复杂性&#34;。
我如何在Rust中实现MessageBoxFlags
和MessageBoxType
,所以我可以在我的C ++实现中以一种不错的(不一定相同的)方式访问它?
答案 0 :(得分:0)
提到的bitfield箱子@Boiethios就是我想要的。我创建了自己的第一个宏箱bitfield,它为枚举和布尔值创建了一种不同的访问器。
现在我可以编写以下代码来使用枚举和布尔标志:
bitfield!(pub Style(u32) {
pub button: Button(0, 3),
pub icon: Icon(4, 3),
pub default_button: DefaultButton(8, 2),
pub modality: Modality(12, 2),
pub help: 14,
pub foreground: 16,
pub default_desktop_only: 17,
pub top_most: 18,
pub right: 19,
pub right_to_left_reading: 20,
pub service_notification: 21,
});
这将为标志生成struct Style(u32)
个访问器,并为所有标志生成默认实现的初始化器struct StyleInit
。