我试图在两个包含Node类型结构的索引之间动态插入节点。数组中的第一个元素是head指针,第二个元素是tail。
我试图在数组的两个索引之间动态增长双链表。以下是我迄今为止尝试过的代码。
我可以动态地创建头部和尾部作为节点,但根据我要求,我可以这样做。
保证在data
和qllentry[0].data
的值之间插入qllentry[1].data
值的节点
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <limits.h>
struct Node {
int data;
struct Node *qprev;
struct Node *qnext;
}Node;
struct Node qllentry[2];
int main()
{
struct Node head, tail;
head.data = INT_MAX;
tail.data = INT_MIN;
head.qnext = &tail;
tail.qprev = &head;
head.qprev = NULL;
tail.qnext = NULL;
qllentry[0] = head;
qllentry[1] = tail;
int key = 20;
struct Node *curr ;
struct Node *prev;
curr= &qllentry[0];
while(curr->qnext != NULL && curr->data >= key) {
curr = curr->qnext;
}
prev = curr->qprev;
struct Node *new_node = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
new_node->data = key;
new_node->qnext = prev->qnext;
prev->qnext = new_node;
new_node->qprev = prev;
if (new_node->qnext != NULL)
new_node->qnext->qprev = new_node;
return 0;
}
新节点的插入不会像预期的那样在头部和尾部索引之间发生。我添加了一些用于调试的打印语句
感谢任何帮助。
答案 0 :(得分:2)
虽然保持一个指向列表头部和尾部的数组(或指针)没有任何问题,但是如果使用数组,则在分配地址后保持数组引用不在您的列表操作。将&array[x]
与列表操作混合在一起会导致混淆。使用列表时,将其视为列表并忘记数组。
您的主要问题是迭代一个节点到远处寻找插入new_node
的位置,导致您在停止之前迭代到tail
。在>>插入new_node
之前停止节点上的迭代。您可以通过测试:
/* test curr->qnext->data > key to stop before tail */
while (curr->qnext && curr->qnext->data > key)
curr = curr->qnext;
(注意:使用prev = curr->qprev;
旁边的变量屏蔽间接级别只是隐藏详细信息 - 这可能会在以后增加混乱。它完全合法,但谨慎使用......)
现在,您可以集中精力在new_node
和&head
之间插入&tail
。
在任何列表插入中,您只需重新布线当前节点的下一个指针 - >;指向下一个new_node
和指针 - &gt;上一个节点指向new_node
。要完成插入,new_node->qprev
指向curr
和new_node->qnext
指向curr->next
,例如
new_node->qprev = curr; /* rewire pointers */
new_node->qnext = curr->qnext;
curr->qnext->qprev = new_node;
curr->qnext = new_node;
(注意:简单的解决方法是拉一张纸和一支2号铅笔并画一块 curr 一块new_node
以及 tail 的块,然后为prev / next指针绘制线条(对于没有new_node
的列表和使用它的列表)。然后,逻辑直线,坐到键盘上啄它。)
此外,您必须始终验证您的分配,例如
/* allocate and VALIDATE! */
if (!(new_node = malloc (sizeof *new_node))) {
perror ("malloc - new_node");
exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
}
在你编写的动态分配内存的任何代码中,你有2个职责关于任何分配的内存块:(1)总是保留一个指向起始地址的指针因此,(2)当不再需要时,它可以释放。因此,如果您分配它,请在完成后跟踪指向块的指针和free
。例如,当完成输出列表值(或在专用循环中)时,您可以释放您分配的内存,类似于:
curr = &head; /* output list */
while (curr) {
printf ("%d\n", curr->data);
struct Node *victim = curr; /* self-explanatory */
curr = curr->qnext;
/* do not forget to free allocated memory */
if (victim != &head && victim != &tail) {
free (victim);
}
}
完全放弃,您可以执行以下操作:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <limits.h>
struct Node {
int data;
struct Node *qprev;
struct Node *qnext;
} Node;
struct Node qllentry[2];
int main (void) {
struct Node head = { .data = INT_MAX },
tail = { .data = INT_MIN },
*curr,
*new_node;
qllentry[0] = head; /* keep your array and list operations separate */
qllentry[1] = tail;
head.qnext = &tail; /* begin list operations */
tail.qprev = &head;
int key = 20;
curr = &head;
/* test curr->qnext->data > key to stop before tail */
while (curr->qnext && curr->qnext->data > key)
curr = curr->qnext;
/* allocate and VALIDATE! */
if (!(new_node = malloc (sizeof *new_node))) {
perror ("malloc - new_node");
exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
}
new_node->data = key; /* assign value to new_node */
new_node->qprev = curr; /* rewire pointers */
new_node->qnext = curr->qnext;
curr->qnext->qprev = new_node;
curr->qnext = new_node;
curr = &head; /* output list */
while (curr) {
printf ("%d\n", curr->data);
struct Node *victim = curr; /* self-explanatory */
curr = curr->qnext;
/* do not forget to free allocated memory */
if (victim != &head && victim != &tail) {
free (victim);
}
}
return 0;
}
示例使用/输出
$ ./bin/llarray
2147483647
20
-2147483648
内存使用/错误检查
必须使用内存错误检查程序,以确保您不会尝试访问内存或写入超出/超出已分配块的范围,尝试读取或基于未初始化值的条件跳转,最后,确认您释放了所有已分配的内存。
对于Linux valgrind
是正常的选择。每个平台都有类似的记忆检查器。它们都很简单易用,只需通过它运行程序即可。
$ valgrind ./bin/llarray
==8665== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==8665== Copyright (C) 2002-2015, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==8665== Using Valgrind-3.11.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==8665== Command: ./bin/llarray
==8665==
2147483647
20
-2147483648
==8665==
==8665== HEAP SUMMARY:
==8665== in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==8665== total heap usage: 1 allocs, 1 frees, 24 bytes allocated
==8665==
==8665== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible
==8665==
==8665== For counts of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -v
==8665== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)
始终确认已释放已分配的所有内存并且没有内存错误。
简单指针转储/检查
最后,除了使用调试器踩过地址之外,您总是可以编写一个简短的调试路由来帮助您选择是否以及在哪里,您的指针处理有任何问题。 (你根本不需要输出任何东西,如果你愿意的话,你可以用相等的方式检查地址)这可以让你一次查看所有指针。只需输出节点指针的简单路由通常很有帮助。你所需要的只是,例如
void debugptrs (struct Node *list)
{
printf ("list pointers:\n\n");
for (struct Node *iter = list; iter; iter = iter->qnext)
printf ("prev: %16p curr: %16p next: %16p\n",
(void*)iter->qprev, (void*)iter, (void*)iter->qnext);
putchar ('\n');
}
哪个输出类似于:
$ ./bin/llarray
list pointers:
prev: (nil) curr: 0x7ffd56371910 next: 0x1038010
prev: 0x7ffd56371910 curr: 0x1038010 next: 0x7ffd56371930
prev: 0x1038010 curr: 0x7ffd56371930 next: (nil)
我总是发现从头到尾可视地遍历地址很有帮助。如果某个节点的上一个或下一个节点不是前一行(或下一行)上该节点的地址输出,那么您就知道问题所在。
仔细看看,如果您有其他问题,请告诉我。
答案 1 :(得分:1)
以下是根据问题代码进行一些修改的代码,它按预期打印结果我猜:
<强> dlink.c:强>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <limits.h>
struct Node {
int data;
struct Node *qprev;
struct Node *qnext;
} Snode;
int main() {
struct Node *head = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
struct Node *tail = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
// init head,
head->data = INT_MAX;
head->qnext = tail;
head->qprev = NULL;
// init tail,
tail->data = INT_MIN;
tail->qprev = head;
tail->qnext = NULL;
int key = 20;
struct Node *curr = head;
struct Node *prev;
//get the pointer of the process which has less priority than the current process
while(curr->data >= key && curr->qnext != NULL) {
curr = curr->qnext;
}
prev = curr->qprev;
printf("head %p, data is %d, next is %p, prev is %p\n", head, head->data, (void *)head->qnext, (void *)head->qprev);
printf("tail %p, data is %d, next is %p, prev is %p\n", tail, tail->data, (void *)tail->qnext, (void *)tail->qprev);
printf("prev of new node %p, data is %d, next is %p, prev is %p\n", prev, prev->data, (void *)prev->qnext, (void *) prev->qprev);
printf("--------------------\n\n");
struct Node *new_node = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
new_node->data = key;
new_node->qnext = prev->qnext;
prev->qnext = new_node;
new_node->qprev = prev;
if (new_node->qnext != NULL)
new_node->qnext->qprev = new_node;
else
tail = new_node;
printf("head %p, data is %d, next is %p, prev is %p\n", head, head->data, (void *)head->qnext, (void *)head->qprev);
printf("new_node %p, data is %d, next is %p, prev is %p\n", new_node, new_node->data, (void *)new_node->qnext, (void *)new_node->qprev);
printf("tail %p, data is %d, next is %p, prev is %p\n", tail, tail->data, (void *)tail->qnext, (void *)tail->qprev);
return 0;
}
运行结果:
head 0x2380010, data is 2147483647, next is 0x2380030, prev is (nil)
tail 0x2380030, data is -2147483648, next is (nil), prev is 0x2380010
prev of new node 0x2380010, data is 2147483647, next is 0x2380030, prev is (nil) // this is same as head,
--------------------
head 0x2380010, data is 2147483647, next is 0x2380460, prev is (nil)
new_node 0x2380460, data is 20, next is 0x2380030, prev is 0x2380010
tail 0x2380030, data is -2147483648, next is (nil), prev is 0x2380460
<强>建议强>
-Wall
个选项,这会给你更多警告。