我正在研究this question的公认解决方案,它提供了一种算法的Python实现,用于按字典顺序生成唯一的排列。我有一个缩短的实现:
def permutations(seq):
seq = sorted(seq)
while True:
yield seq
k = l = None
for k in range(len(seq) - 1):
if seq[k] < seq[k + 1]:
l = k + 1
break
else:
return
(seq[k], seq[l]) = (seq[l], seq[k])
seq[k + 1:] = seq[-1:k:-1]
对我来说真正奇怪的是,如果我在此函数的输出上调用list
,我会得到错误的结果。但是,如果我一次迭代一次这个函数的结果,我会得到预期的结果。
>>> list(permutations((1,2,1)))
[[2, 1, 1], [2, 1, 1], [2, 1, 1]]
>>> for p in permutations((1,2,1)):
... print(p)
...
[1, 1, 2]
[1, 2, 1]
[2, 1, 1]
^^^什么?!另一个例子:
>>> list(permutations((1,2,3)))
[[3, 2, 1], [3, 2, 1], [3, 2, 1], [3, 2, 1]]
>>> for p in permutations((1,2,3)):
... print(p)
...
[1, 2, 3]
[2, 3, 1]
[3, 1, 2]
[3, 2, 1]
列表推导也会产生不正确的值:
>>> [p for p in permutations((1,2,3))]
[[3, 2, 1], [3, 2, 1], [3, 2, 1], [3, 2, 1]]
我不知道这里发生了什么!我以前没见过这个。我可以编写其他使用生成器的函数,我不会遇到这个:
>>> def seq(n):
... for i in range(n):
... yield i
...
>>> list(seq(5))
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
上面我的例子中发生了什么导致这种情况?
答案 0 :(得分:8)
您在生成之后修改生成器中的seq
。你继续产生相同的对象,并修改它。
(seq[k], seq[l]) = (seq[l], seq[k]) # this mutates seq
seq[k + 1:] = seq[-1:k:-1] # this mutates seq
注意,您的list
多次包含同一个对象:
In [2]: ps = list(permutations((1,2,1)))
In [3]: ps
Out[3]: [[2, 1, 1], [2, 1, 1], [2, 1, 1]]
In [4]: [hex(id(p)) for p in ps]
Out[4]: ['0x105cb3b48', '0x105cb3b48', '0x105cb3b48']
所以,试试yield
副本:
def permutations(seq):
seq = sorted(seq)
while True:
yield seq.copy()
k = None
l = None
for k in range(len(seq) - 1):
if seq[k] < seq[k + 1]:
l = k + 1
break
else:
return
(seq[k], seq[l]) = (seq[l], seq[k])
seq[k + 1:] = seq[-1:k:-1]
而且,瞧:
In [5]: def permutations(seq):
...: seq = sorted(seq)
...: while True:
...: yield seq.copy()
...: k = None
...: l = None
...: for k in range(len(seq) - 1):
...: if seq[k] < seq[k + 1]:
...: l = k + 1
...: break
...: else:
...: return
...:
...: (seq[k], seq[l]) = (seq[l], seq[k])
...: seq[k + 1:] = seq[-1:k:-1]
...:
In [6]: ps = list(permutations((1,2,1)))
In [7]: ps
Out[7]: [[1, 1, 2], [1, 2, 1], [2, 1, 1]]
至于为什么{for}循环中的print
没有揭示这种行为,那是因为在迭代seq
中的那一刻具有“正确”值,所以请考虑:
In [10]: result = []
...: for i, x in enumerate(permutations((1,2,1))):
...: print("iteration ", i)
...: print(x)
...: result.append(x)
...: print(result)
...:
iteration 0
[1, 1, 2]
[[1, 1, 2]]
iteration 1
[1, 2, 1]
[[1, 2, 1], [1, 2, 1]]
iteration 2
[2, 1, 1]
[[2, 1, 1], [2, 1, 1], [2, 1, 1]]