使用Django tutorial中的（部分）民意调查应用作为示例，我试图让pytest-django运行。
使用命令django-admin startproject mysite2，我创建了一个具有以下结构的项目目录：
.
├── db.sqlite3
├── manage.py
├── mysite2
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── settings.py
│ ├── urls.py
│ └── wsgi.py
├── polls
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── admin.py
│ ├── apps.py
│ ├── migrations
│ │ ├── 0001_initial.py
│ │ └── __init__.py
│ ├── models.py
│ ├── tests.py
│ ├── urls.py
│ └── views.py
└── pytest.ini
我的pytest.ini看起来像
[pytest]
DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE = mysite2.settings
python_files = tests.py test_*.py *_tests.py
遵循本教程，在polls/models.py我已创建Question和Choice模型：
import datetime
from django.db import models
from django.utils import timezone
class Question(models.Model):
question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')
def __str__(self):
return self.question_text
def was_published_recently(self):
return self.pub_date >= timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
class Choice(models.Model):
question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)
def __str__(self):
return self.choice_text
现在，如果我按照教程中的描述制作tests.py，该教程基于Python的内置unittest模块，
import datetime
from django.utils import timezone
from django.test import TestCase
from .models import Question
class QuestionModelTests(TestCase):
def test_was_published_recently_with_future_question(self):
time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)
future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)
我从命令行运行python manage.py test，预期测试失败：
Creating test database for alias 'default'...
System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
F
======================================================================
FAIL: test_was_published_recently_with_future_question (polls.tests.QuestionModelTests)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Users/kurtpeek/Documents/Scratch/mysite2/polls/tests.py", line 23, in test_was_published_recently_with_future_question
self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)
AssertionError: True is not False
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.001s
FAILED (failures=1)
Destroying test database for alias 'default'...
但是，如果我将测试代码更改为（尝试的）pytest等价物（即，无需子类TestCase和普通断言）：
def test_was_published_recently_with_future_question():
time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)
future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
assert future_question.was_published_recently() is False
并运行pytest命令，我收到以下错误：
================================= test session starts ==================================
platform darwin -- Python 3.6.3, pytest-3.2.3, py-1.4.34, pluggy-0.4.0
rootdir: /Users/kurtpeek/Documents/Scratch/mysite2, inifile: pytest.ini
plugins: timeout-1.2.1
collected 0 items / 1 errors
======================================== ERRORS ========================================
___________________________ ERROR collecting polls/tests.py ____________________________
polls/tests.py:10: in <module>
from .models import Question
polls/models.py:6: in <module>
class Question(models.Model):
/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/db/models/base.py:100: in __new__
app_config = apps.get_containing_app_config(module)
/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/apps/registry.py:244: in get_containing_app_config
self.check_apps_ready()
/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/apps/registry.py:127: in check_apps_ready
raise AppRegistryNotReady("Apps aren't loaded yet.")
E django.core.exceptions.AppRegistryNotReady: Apps aren't loaded yet.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Interrupted: 1 errors during collection !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
=============================== 1 error in 0.64 seconds ================================
到目前为止，我还没有办法解决这个问题。关于如何让测试运行的任何想法？
答案 0 :(得分：2)
开箱即用，即使安装了pytest，pytest-django也不知道Django数据库。但不要害怕：pytest-django使您的测试可以使用django_db pytest mark轻松访问Django数据库。
尝试一下：
import pytest
@pytest.mark.django_db
def test_was_published_recently_with_future_question():
time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)
future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
assert future_question.was_published_recently() is False
答案 1 :(得分：2)
根据Django: AppRegistryNotReady()，如果不使用manage.py，则必须明确调用django.setup()。我通过从pytest shell运行manage.py测试验证了这一点：
Kurts-MacBook-Pro:mysite2 kurtpeek$ python3 manage.py shell
Python 3.6.3 (v3.6.3:2c5fed86e0, Oct 3 2017, 00:32:08)
Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information
IPython 6.2.1 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.
In [1]: import pytest
In [2]: pytest.main('polls/tests.py')
================================= test session starts ==================================
platform darwin -- Python 3.6.3, pytest-3.2.3, py-1.4.34, pluggy-0.4.0
rootdir: /Users/kurtpeek/Documents/Scratch/mysite2, inifile: pytest.ini
plugins: timeout-1.2.1
collected 1 item
polls/tests.py F
======================================= FAILURES =======================================
___________________ test_was_published_recently_with_future_question ___________________
def test_was_published_recently_with_future_question():
time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)
future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
> assert future_question.was_published_recently() is False
E assert True is False
E + where True = <bound method Question.was_published_recently of <Question: >>()
E + where <bound method Question.was_published_recently of <Question: >> = <Question: >.was_published_recently
polls/tests.py:18: AssertionError
=================================== warnings summary ===================================
None
passing a string to pytest.main() is deprecated, pass a list of arguments instead.
-- Docs: http://doc.pytest.org/en/latest/warnings.html
========================= 1 failed, 1 warnings in 0.14 seconds =========================
Out[2]: 1
然而，这不是一个真正可接受的解决方案，因为测试需要从命令行运行。是否有其他pytest装饰器可以确保所需的设置？
答案 2 :(得分：2)
使用pytest或python setup.py test调用测试时，我遇到了类似的问题。
对于pytest调用，在我的虚拟环境中安装了pytest-django就解决了这个问题。
对于python setup.py install，将pytest-django添加到tests_require的{{1}}自变量即可解决。
以下是setup()的摘要：
setup.py答案 3 :(得分：0)
在没有子类化django.test.TestCase的情况下，是否在文档中的哪个地方说测试应该有效？我不认为django-pytest在加载django应用程序方面做了什么特别的事情。因此，如果您的班级继续继承TestCase，您应该能够使用pytest中的所有其他内容，例如它的断言，固定装置等。
答案 4 :(得分：0)
对我来说，在命令行或pytest.ini中将DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE设置为导出即可解决此问题。 似乎忽略了conftest.py中该env var的导出 如果我知道了，我将更新这篇文章。