我提前为长代码道歉，如果我违反任何规则，因为这是我第一次在这个网站上提问。我是Python的新手，但我目前正在为一个学校项目编写一个程序，该项目从OpenFEC API请求数据，然后将其显示在我使用TKinter创建的GUI中。如果我打印到控制台，一切都很好，但一旦我尝试将我的数据插入到文本小部件，我得到一个错误，并没有显示所有数据。错误是＆＃39; TypeError：必须是str，而不是NoneType＆＃39;，我尝试使用str（varName）将变量转换为字符串，但不起作用。我已经在这个特定的问题上工作了几天，并且已经在互联网上搜索了可能的解决方案，但我还没有找到任何可以帮助我的方法。我感谢任何可以获得的帮助。
import json
import urllib.request
import urllib.parse
import urllib.error
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk
def inputValidation(year):
# Ask the user for a year
# year = yearEntry.get()
# Input validation
year = int(year) # Converting input to integer for comparison purposes
if year >= 2003 and year <= 2020:
message = "Here are the election dates for " + str(year) + ':' + '\n'
else:
message = "Please enter a valid year."
# Clear out any existing text from entry window
data.config(state=NORMAL)
data.delete(0.0, END)
# Set the data window
data.insert(1.0, message)
data.config(state=DISABLED)
# Convert the year back to a string
year = str(year)
return year
# Function to get API data
def apiCall(event, year, pageNumber):
""" Requests data from OpenFEC API by constructing a url using predetermined
values. """
apiKey = 'rdudHBjgS5srIohVWYyyUL64AOsqVfRkGZD4gvMU'
perPage = '90' # Number of items to print per page
electionYear = year
nullHide = 'true'
nullOnly = 'true'
sort = sortNum.get()
if sort == 1:
sort = '-election_state'
if sort == 2:
sort = '-election_date'
if sort == 3:
sort = 'office_sought'
url = ('https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/election-dates/?per_page=' + perPage +
'&api_key=' + apiKey +
'&election_year=' + electionYear +
'&page=' + pageNumber +
'&sort_hide_null=' + nullHide +
'&sort_null_only=' + nullOnly +
'&sort=' + sort)
uh = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
data = uh.read().decode()
js = json.loads(data)
print(url)
return js # We receive a dictionary with all the
info requested
# Function to print the API info
# Provide a year between 2003 - 2020
def electionDates(event):
year = yearEntry.get() # User provided year
year = inputValidation(year)
pageNumber = '1'
js = apiCall(event, year, pageNumber) # Call the API by using the first function
pages = js['pagination']['pages']
print('TOTAL PAGES: ', pages)
# print('TOTAL ITEMS: ', items)
while int(pages) >= int(pageNumber):
idx = 0
totalItems = 0
items = 0
print('PAGE', pageNumber, 'OF', pages)
for item in js['results']:
state = js['results'][idx]['election_state']
date = js['results'][idx]['election_date']
electionType = js['results'][idx]['election_type_full']
notes = js['results'][idx]['election_notes']
office = js['results'][idx]['office_sought']
# Changing initials from API to full office names
if office == 'S':
office = office.replace('S', 'Senate') # Print out the full word instead of just the initial
if office == 'H':
office = office.replace('H', 'House of Representatives') # Print out the full word, not the initial
if office == 'P':
office = office.replace('P', 'President') # Print out the full word instead of just the initial
idx = idx + 1 # idx allows us to iterate through each item in the dictionary
# Displaying Data in Text Box
data.config(state=NORMAL)
data.insert(2.0, '' +
'\n' 'Date: ' + date +
'\n' 'State: ' + state +
'\n' 'Election Type: ' + electionType +
'\n' 'Office: ' + office +
'\n' 'Notes: ' + notes +
'\n', END)
data.config(state=DISABLED)
items = items + 1
pageNumber = int(pageNumber) + 1
pageNumber = str(pageNumber)
js = apiCall(event, year, pageNumber) # Re-call the API function to print the next page
# -------- GUI CODE --------
root = Tk()
root.title('InfoLection')
frame = Frame(root)
sortNum = IntVar()
""" Create label, button, entry and text widgets into our frame. """
# --- Create instruction label ---
yearLbl = ttk.Label(root, text='Enter Year: ')
yearLbl.grid(row=0, column=1, sticky=E)
# --- Create Entry Box ---
yearEntry = ttk.Entry(root)
yearEntry.grid(row=0, column=2, columnspan=1, sticky=W)
yearEntry.delete(0, END)
yearEntry.insert(0, '')
# --- Create Submit Button ---
submitBtn = ttk.Button(root, text='Submit')
submitBtn.bind('<Button-1>', electionDates)
submitBtn.grid(row=3, column=0, columnspan=5, sticky=NSEW)
# Menu Bar
menu = Menu(root)
root.config(menu=menu)
# Submenu
subMenu = Menu(menu)
menu.add_cascade(label='About', menu=subMenu)
subMenu.add_command(label="Information")
subMenu.add_command(label='Exit')
# --- Radio Buttons to Select Sorting Method ---
# Label
sortByRB = ttk.Label(root, text='Sort by:')
sortByRB.grid(row=1, column=0, sticky=E)
# Radio Buttons
stateSortRB = ttk.Radiobutton(root, text='State', value=1, variable=sortNum)
# Sort by state
stateSortRB.grid(row=2, column=1, sticky=W)
dateSortRB = ttk.Radiobutton(root, text='Date', value=2, variable=sortNum)
# Sort by date
dateSortRB.grid(row=2, column=2, sticky=W)
officeSortRB = ttk.Radiobutton(root, text='Office', value=3,
variable=sortNum) # Sort by Office
officeSortRB.grid(row=2, column=3, sticky=W)
# --- Text Widget To Display Data ---
data = Text(root, width=50, height=25, wrap=WORD)
data.grid(row=4, column=0, columnspan=4, sticky=NSEW)
# --- Scroll Bar ---
scroll = ttk.Scrollbar(root, command=data.yview)
data['yscrollcommand'] = scroll.set
scroll.grid(row=4, column=5, pady=3, sticky=NSEW)
# Window Icon
# --- Keep Window Open ---
root.mainloop()
答案 0 :(得分：1)
您的 notes 变量看起来像是一个无。您可以这样做，使您的代码更健壮，更容易调试：
undefined_s = 'N/A'
data.insert(2.0, '' +
'\n' 'Date: ' + (date or undefined_s) +
'\n' 'State: ' + (state or undefined_s) +
'\n' 'Election Type: ' + (electionType or undefined_s) +
'\n' 'Office: ' + (office or undefined_s) +
'\n' 'Notes: ' + (notes or undefined_s) +
'\n', END)
我发现了另一个错误并修复了它。
'&sort=' + str(sort))
# ^^^ added the str()
现在代码运行了。您应该默认启用其中一个单选按钮。
我确实看到有些Notes会以未定义的形式返回，但我想说这不是错误。这只是您正在抓取的页面上的信息问题。而且我确实看到其他一些字段也会以未定义的形式返回，但是，再一次，这是您正在抓取的页面的功能。
答案 1 :(得分：1)
您尝试连接"Notes: "和notes，但有时notes为无，并且您无法在字符串中添加无。您可以手动转换：
'\n' 'Notes: ' + str(notes) +
...但我认为利用Python的str.format()方法会更容易，该方法会自动将其参数转换为字符串（格式字符串中没有任何规范，否则会告诉它）：
data.insert(2.0, ''
'\n' 'Date: {}'
'\n' 'State: {}'
'\n' 'Election Type: {}'
'\n' 'Office: {}'
'\n' 'Notes: {}'
'\n'.format(date, state, electionType, office, notes)
, END)
...或者您可以使用f-strings，尽管这些仅在Python 3.6及更高版本中可用：
data.insert(2.0, '' +
'\n' f'Date: {date}'
'\n' f'State: {state}'
'\n' f'Election Type: {electionType}'
'\n' f'Office: {office}'
'\n' f'Notes: {notes}'
'\n', END)