给定一个表格,其中包含成对的因素'和exists
标志:
create table pairs (
factor_1 text,
factor_2 text,
exists boolean
);
以及以下数据(可读性分隔符):
factor_1 | factor_2 | exists
----------+------------------
foo | one | t
foo | two | t
-----------------------------
bar | three | t
-----------------------------
baz | four | t
baz | five | t
如何创建一个视图,显示所有可能的对 一系列给定因素:
factor_1 | factor_2 | exists
----------+------------------
foo | one | t
foo | two | t
foo | three | f
foo | four | f
foo | five | f
-----------------------------
bar | one | f
bar | two | f
bar | three | t
bar | four | f
bar | five | f
-----------------------------
baz | one | f
baz | two | f
baz | three | f
baz | four | t
baz | five | t
我想可以定义一个包含所有内容的CTE /视图
factor_1
的不同值,另一个包含所有不同值的值
factor_2
,然后选择交叉产品并将exists
设置为true
表pairs
中找到的对。是否有更优雅/高效/惯用
实现同样的方式?
编辑对解决方案的讨论:
在短时间内,在提问和获得两个答案之间 为此,我去实施了我在上面记下来的解决方案。这是 看起来像什么;它有3个CTE和一个隐式交叉连接:
with
p1 as ( select distinct factor_1 from pairs ),
p2 as ( select distinct factor_2 from pairs ),
p3 as ( select * from p1, p2 )
select
p3.factor_1 as factor_1,
p3.factor_2 as factor_2,
( case when p.exists then true else false end ) as exists
from p3
left join pairs as p on ( p3.factor_1 = p.factor_1 and p3.factor_2 = p.factor_2 )
order by p3.factor_1, p3.factor_2;
现在让我们将其与答案进行比较。我做了一些重新格式化和重命名 使所有解决方案只在重要的地方有所不同。
Gordon Linoff的解决方案A相当短,并且没有CTE:
select
f1.factor_1 as factor_1,
f2.factor_2 as factor_2,
coalesce( p.exists, false ) as exists
from ( select distinct factor_1 from pairs ) as p1
cross join ( select distinct factor_2 from pairs ) as p2
left join pairs p
on p.factor_1 = p1.factor_1 and p.factor_2 = p2.factor_2
order by p1.factor_1, p2.factor_2;
Valli的解决方案B甚至有点短;它的洞察力是它的组合
从交叉加入应该是唯一的,因此可以考虑distinct
关键字
到顶部select
:
select distinct
p1.factor_1 as factor_1,
p2.factor_2 as factor_2,
coalesce( p.exists, false ) as exists
from pairs as p1
cross join pairs as p2
left join pairs as p
on p1.factor_1 = p.factor_1 and p2.factor_2 = p.factor_2
order by p1.factor_1, p2.factor_2;
我担心的是,DB规划人员必须更加努力地保持交叉连接不被膨胀
太多的重复对然后被过滤掉了。所以我对所有三个解决方案都做了explain analyze
(注意:我删除了order by
条款);事实证明结果有点矛盾。我的解决方案
由于CTE,CTE会导致坏点。我在SQL中经常使用它们,因为它们非常方便,但是
它们也被称为PostgreSQL中的优化岛(类似于单独的视图),它显示了。
QUERY PLAN
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Merge Left Join (cost=4770.47..5085.69 rows=40000 width=65) (actual time=0.167..0.189 rows=15 loops=1)
Merge Cond: ((v3.factor_1 = p.factor_1) AND (v3.factor_2 = p.factor_2))
CTE v1
-> HashAggregate (cost=20.88..22.88 rows=200 width=32) (actual time=0.026..0.028 rows=3 loops=1)
Group Key: pairs.factor_1
-> Seq Scan on pairs (cost=0.00..18.70 rows=870 width=32) (actual time=0.010..0.012 rows=5 loops=1)
CTE v2
-> HashAggregate (cost=20.88..22.88 rows=200 width=32) (actual time=0.011..0.012 rows=5 loops=1)
Group Key: pairs_1.factor_2
-> Seq Scan on pairs pairs_1 (cost=0.00..18.70 rows=870 width=32) (actual time=0.003..0.005 rows=5 loops=1)
CTE v3
-> Nested Loop (cost=0.00..806.00 rows=40000 width=64) (actual time=0.044..0.062 rows=15 loops=1)
-> CTE Scan on v1 (cost=0.00..4.00 rows=200 width=32) (actual time=0.028..0.030 rows=3 loops=1)
-> CTE Scan on v2 (cost=0.00..4.00 rows=200 width=32) (actual time=0.005..0.007 rows=5 loops=3)
-> Sort (cost=3857.54..3957.54 rows=40000 width=64) (actual time=0.118..0.123 rows=15 loops=1)
Sort Key: v3.factor_1, v3.factor_2
Sort Method: quicksort Memory: 25kB
-> CTE Scan on v3 (cost=0.00..800.00 rows=40000 width=64) (actual time=0.046..0.074 rows=15 loops=1)
-> Sort (cost=61.18..63.35 rows=870 width=65) (actual time=0.042..0.042 rows=5 loops=1)
Sort Key: p.factor_1, p.factor_2
Sort Method: quicksort Memory: 25kB
-> Seq Scan on pairs p (cost=0.00..18.70 rows=870 width=65) (actual time=0.005..0.008 rows=5 loops=1)
Planning time: 0.368 ms
Execution time: 0.421 ms
(24 rows)
观察此计划中有两个sort
。
解决方案A得到一个更短的计划(和一个奇怪的高执行时间):
QUERY PLAN
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hash Right Join (cost=1580.25..2499.00 rows=40000 width=65) (actual time=1.048..2.197 rows=15 loops=1)
Hash Cond: ((p.factor_1 = pairs.factor_1) AND (p.factor_2 = pairs_1.factor_2))
-> Seq Scan on pairs p (cost=0.00..18.70 rows=870 width=65) (actual time=0.010..0.015 rows=5 loops=1)
-> Hash (cost=550.25..550.25 rows=40000 width=64) (actual time=0.649..0.649 rows=15 loops=1)
Buckets: 65536 Batches: 2 Memory Usage: 513kB
-> Nested Loop (cost=41.75..550.25 rows=40000 width=64) (actual time=0.058..0.077 rows=15 loops=1)
-> HashAggregate (cost=20.88..22.88 rows=200 width=32) (actual time=0.033..0.036 rows=3 loops=1)
Group Key: pairs.factor_1
-> Seq Scan on pairs (cost=0.00..18.70 rows=870 width=32) (actual time=0.017..0.018 rows=5 loops=1)
-> Materialize (cost=20.88..25.88 rows=200 width=32) (actual time=0.008..0.011 rows=5 loops=3)
-> HashAggregate (cost=20.88..22.88 rows=200 width=32) (actual time=0.013..0.016 rows=5 loops=1)
Group Key: pairs_1.factor_2
-> Seq Scan on pairs pairs_1 (cost=0.00..18.70 rows=870 width=32) (actual time=0.004..0.006 rows=5 loops=1)
Planning time: 0.258 ms
Execution time: 2.342 ms
(15 rows)
解决方案B的执行计划比解决方案A长得多,有几个隐含的sort
s:
QUERY PLAN
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unique (cost=282354.48..289923.48 rows=80000 width=65) (actual time=0.230..0.251 rows=15 loops=1)
-> Sort (cost=282354.48..284246.73 rows=756900 width=65) (actual time=0.229..0.233 rows=25 loops=1)
Sort Key: p1.factor_1, p2.factor_2, (COALESCE(p."exists", false))
Sort Method: quicksort Memory: 26kB
-> Merge Left Join (cost=140389.32..146354.17 rows=756900 width=65) (actual time=0.122..0.157 rows=25 loops=1)
Merge Cond: ((p1.factor_1 = p.factor_1) AND (p2.factor_2 = p.factor_2))
-> Sort (cost=140328.14..142220.39 rows=756900 width=64) (actual time=0.095..0.100 rows=25 loops=1)
Sort Key: p1.factor_1, p2.factor_2
Sort Method: quicksort Memory: 26kB
-> Nested Loop (cost=0.00..9500.83 rows=756900 width=64) (actual time=0.027..0.043 rows=25 loops=1)
-> Seq Scan on pairs p1 (cost=0.00..18.70 rows=870 width=32) (actual time=0.010..0.011 rows=5 loops=1)
-> Materialize (cost=0.00..23.05 rows=870 width=32) (actual time=0.003..0.005 rows=5 loops=5)
-> Seq Scan on pairs p2 (cost=0.00..18.70 rows=870 width=32) (actual time=0.005..0.008 rows=5 loops=1)
-> Sort (cost=61.18..63.35 rows=870 width=65) (actual time=0.021..0.023 rows=8 loops=1)
Sort Key: p.factor_1, p.factor_2
Sort Method: quicksort Memory: 25kB
-> Seq Scan on pairs p (cost=0.00..18.70 rows=870 width=65) (actual time=0.004..0.004 rows=5 loops=1)
Planning time: 0.260 ms
Execution time: 0.333 ms
(19 rows)
我认为我们可以忘记这个没有索引的短样本的执行时间;只有真实的数据,我们才能确定地告诉他们。
基于这些结果,我更喜欢Gordon Linoff的解决方案A,原因是它的SQL形式相当短,而执行计划是最简洁的。我对解决方案B的执行计划中出现糟糕表现的机会有点警惕,而且我的猜测也是因为它优雅分解了distinct
到最高级别的子句,它不一定是最精确的表达方式 - 我不想对唯一对进行交叉连接和过滤,我想做一个交叉连接独特的价值观毋庸置疑,如果执行时间关系(A:2.3ms / B:0.3ms)应该显示出真实的数据量 - 那将会扭转我的决定。
答案 0 :(得分:1)
使用cross join
获取行,使用left join
获取布尔表达式:
select f1.factor_1, f2.factor_2, coalesce(p.exists, false) as exists
from (select distinct factor_1 from pairs) f1 cross join
(select distinct factor_2 from pairs) f2 left join
pairs p
on p.factor_1 = f1.factor_1 and p.factor_2 = f2.factor_2;
注意:虽然Postgres接受exists
作为列别名,但我认为这是一个坏名称,因为它与SQL关键字冲突。
答案 1 :(得分:1)
我们可以在顶部使用distinct而不是过滤from子句中的不同记录。交叉连接表,然后离开连接以获取存在列
SELECT distinct p1.factor_1,
p2.factor_2,
coalesce(p.exists, false)
FROM pairs p1 CROSS JOIN
pairs p2 LEFT JOIN
pairs p ON
p1.factor_1= p.factor_1 and
p2.factor_2= p.factor_2
答案 2 :(得分:0)
你不需要LEFT JOIN + COALESCE,因为EXISTS已经产生了一个布尔值:
SELECT f1.factor_1, f2.factor_2
, EXISTS ( SELECT* pairs p
WHERE p.factor_1 = f1.factor_1 AND p.factor_2 = f2.factor_2
) AS did_exist
FROM (SELECT DISTINCT factor_1 FROM pairs) f1
CROSS JOIN (SELECT DISTINCT factor_2 FROM pairs) f2
;