Python是否有类构造函数的机制,即每当首次引用类时调用的函数(与创建该对象的实例时相反)?我知道它存在于其他一些语言中,但我还没有在Python中遇到它。
基本上,我想在该函数中初始化一些静态属性。我在下面举了一个我期望的例子。当然,该示例返回None,但我希望它返回' foo'。
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为了避免混淆:我很清楚对象构造函数,但这不是我想要的,因为只有在创建第一个对象时才会调用它,而不是在之前:
class T:
arg = None
def __class_constructor__():
T.arg = 'foo'
print(T.arg) # returns None
答案 0 :(得分:2)
您可以使用类装饰器:
def add_arg(cls):
if not hasattr(cls, "arg"):
cls.arg = 'foo'
return cls
@add_arg
class T(object):
pass
或自定义元类:
class WithArg(type):
def __new__(meta, name, bases, attrs):
cls = type.__new__(meta, name, bases, attrs)
if not hasattr(cls, "arg"):
cls.arg = "foo"
return cls
# python 2
class T(object):
__metaclass__ = WithArg
# python 3
class T(metaclass=WithArg):
pass
但是正如其他人已经提到过的那样,除了在类声明中明确设置class属性之外,还有很多功能。
注意:如果你想在类本身上有一个计算属性,你必须将它设置为自定义元类的属性
class WithProp(type):
@property
def arg(cls):
return "foo"
class T(object):
__metaclass__ = WithProp
T.arg
=> 'foo'
但是arg
只能在类对象本身上使用,而不能在它的实例上使用:
T().arg
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'T' object has no attribute 'arg'
或编写自己的自定义描述符:
class ArgDescriptor(object):
def __get__(self, obj, cls=None):
return 42
class T(object):
arg = ArgDescriptor()
T.arg
=> 42
T().arg
=> 42
答案 1 :(得分:1)
You simply have to initialise the class variable when declaring it within the class
class T:
arg = 'foo' #this initialises the class instance
def __init__(self):
self.arg = 'bar' #this initialises the object instance
print(T.arg) # class instance returns 'foo'
obj = T()
print(T.arg) # class instance still returns 'foo'
print(obj.arg) # object instance returns 'bar'
答案 2 :(得分:0)
我创建一个static_init
装饰器,该装饰器将调用static_init
类方法(如果存在)。这个static_init
类方法将在评估类装饰器when the class is defined时运行-第一次引用该类时并不会如此-类似于Java等其他语言中的静态初始化。
这是装饰器,以及如何使用它来初始化枚举类的类变量的示例:
# pylint: disable=missing-docstring,no-member
import enum
def static_init(cls):
if getattr(cls, "static_init", None):
cls.static_init()
return cls
@static_init
class SomeEnum(enum.Enum):
VAL_A = enum.auto()
VAL_B = enum.auto()
VAL_C = enum.auto()
VAL_D = enum.auto()
@classmethod
def static_init(cls):
text_dict = {}
setattr(cls, 'text_dict', text_dict)
for value in cls:
text_dict[value.name.lower().replace("_", " ").title()] = value
def test_static_init():
assert SomeEnum.text_dict["Val A"] == SomeEnum.VAL_A
assert SomeEnum.text_dict["Val B"] == SomeEnum.VAL_B
assert SomeEnum.text_dict["Val C"] == SomeEnum.VAL_C
assert SomeEnum.text_dict["Val D"] == SomeEnum.VAL_D