Question

这个问题可能被认为是多余的，但为了我的辩护，我已经考虑了类似的问题并给出了解决方案，但它们对我不起作用（或者我只是不理解它们），正如我将要展示的那样。 / p>

我想做什么： 我用pyinstaller构建了几个python脚本，每个脚本都是命令行工具（使用argparse接受几个参数）。它们都可以在pycharm的终端和Ubuntu终端中按预期工作。现在，我希望每个脚本都是一个模块，可以从另一个传递必需参数的python脚本中调用，就像在终端中一样。

这是原始脚本之一（我稍微缩短了脚本，以便它作为一个最小的例子）：

import sys
import argparse
import getpass


if len(sys.argv) < 2:
    print "You haven't specified any arguments. Use -h to get more details on how to use this command."
    sys.exit(1)


parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument('--username', '-u', type=str, default=None, help='Username for the login to the WebCTRL server')
parser.add_argument('--password', '-p', type=str, default=None, help='Password for the login to the WebCTRL server')
parser.add_argument('--node', '-n', type=str, default=None,
    help='Path to the point or node whose children you want to retrieve. Start querying at the lowest level with "-n /trees/geographic"')
parser.add_argument('-url', type=str, default='https://my.server.de',
    help="URL of the WebCTRL server as e.g. http://google.de")
args = parser.parse_args()


if args.username is None:
    print 'No user name specified. Login to WebCTRL needs a user name and password. Check all options for this command via -h'
    sys.exit(1)
else:
    username = args.username
if args.password is None:
    password = getpass.getpass('No password specified via -p. Please enter your WebCTRL login password: ')
else:
    password = args.password
if args.node is None:
    print 'No path to a node specified. Check all options for this command via -h'
    sys.exit(1)
if args.url is None:
    print 'No URL given. Specify the URL to the WebCTRL server analogous to http://google.de'
    sys.exit(1)
else:
    wsdlFile = args.url + '/_common/webservices/Eval?wsdl'


# This doesn't belong to my original code. It's rather for demonstration:
# Print the arguments and leave the script
print 'Username: ' + args.username
print 'Node: ' + args.node
print 'URL: ' + args.url

sys.exit(0)

正如我所说：从我的IDE（Pycharm）......

$ python wc_query_test.py -u wsdl -n /trees/geographic
No password specified via -p. Please enter your WebCTRL login password: 
Username: wsdl
Node: /trees/geographic
URL: https://my.server.de

...并且从Ubuntu终端它可以正常工作：

$ pyinstaller --distpath dist/. wc_query_test.py
$ ./dist/wc_query_test/wc_query_test -u wsdl -n /trees/geographic
No password specified via -p. Please enter your WebCTRL login password: 
Username: wsdl
Node: /trees/geographic
URL: https://my.server.de

来实际问题： 我希望脚本wc_query_test.py是一个可以导入到另一个python脚本中的模块，并在那里执行，就像在命令行中一样传递参数。为实现这一目标，我遵循了@ Waylan在stackoverflow question中的说明。

这是我提出的代码（wc_query_test.py）：

import sys
import argparse
import getpass

def main(**kwargs):
    if kwargs.username is None:
        print 'No user name specified. Login to WebCTRL needs a user name and password. Check all options for this command via -h'
        sys.exit(1)
    else:
        username = kwargs.username
    if kwargs.password is None:
        password = getpass.getpass('No password specified via -p. Please enter your WebCTRL login password: ')
    else:
        password = kwargs.password
    if kwargs.node is None:
        print 'No path to a node specified. Check all options for this command via -h'
        sys.exit(1)
    if kwargs.url is None:
        print 'No URL given. Specify the URL to the WebCTRL server analogous to http://google.de'
        sys.exit(1)
    else:
        wsdlFile = kwargs.url + '/_common/webservices/Eval?wsdl'

    # This doesn't belong to my original code. It's rather for demonstration:
    # Print the arguments and leave the script
    print 'Username: ' + username
    print 'Node: ' + kwargs.node
    print 'URL: ' + kwargs.url

    sys.exit(0)

def run():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument('--username', '-u', type=str, default=None, help='Username for the login to the WebCTRL server')
    parser.add_argument('--password', '-p', type=str, default=None, help='Password for the login to the WebCTRL server')
    parser.add_argument('--node', '-n', type=str, default=None,
        help='Path to the point or node whose children you want to retrieve. Start querying at the lowest level with "-n /trees/geographic"')
    parser.add_argument('-url', type=str, default='https://my.server.de',
        help="URL of the WebCTRL server as e.g. http://google.de")
    args = parser.parse_args()

    main(**args)

...以及导入模块并调用它的脚本（test.py）：

import wc_query_test
wc_query_test.main(username='wsdl', password='aaaaaa', node='/trees/geographic')

当我在python终端中运行时，我得到：

~/PycharmProjects/webctrl$ python wc_query_test.py
~/PycharmProjects/webctrl$ python test.py 
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "test.py", line 3, in <module>
    wc_query_test.main(username='wsdl', password='aaaaaa', node='/trees/geographic/#geb_g', url='https://webctrl.rz-berlin.mpg.de')
  File "/home/stefan/PycharmProjects/webctrl/wc_query_test.py", line 23, in main
    if kwargs.username is None:
AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'username'

运行wc_query_test.py没有输出，我明白为什么会这样。那只是一个考验。但是运行test.py也会产生错误。我知道为什么这不起作用，但我不能用语言表达。这个run（）方法怎么样？拥有它有意义吗？我如何修改我的代码以获得“我想做什么：”中描述的这种双重功能？提前感谢您的帮助！

更新我摆脱了错误信息。我换了，例如kwargs.username到kwargs.get('username')，因为kwargs是一本字典。代码现在看起来像这样：

import sys
import argparse
import getpass

def main(**kwargs):
    if kwargs.get('username') is None:
        print 'No user name specified. Login to WebCTRL needs a user name and password. Check all options for this command via -h'
        sys.exit(1)
    else:
        username = kwargs.get('username')
    if kwargs.get('password') is None:
        password = getpass.getpass('No password specified via -p. Please enter your WebCTRL login password: ')
    else:
        password = kwargs.get('password')
    if kwargs.get('node') is None:
        print 'No path to a node specified. Check all options for this command via -h'
        sys.exit(1)
    if kwargs.get('url') is None:
        print 'No URL given. Specify the URL to the WebCTRL server analogous to http://google.de'
        sys.exit(1)
    else:
        wsdlFile = kwargs.get('url') + '/_common/webservices/Eval?wsdl'

    # This doesn't belong to my original code. It's rather for demonstration:
    # Print the arguments and leave the script
    print 'Username: ' + username
    print 'Node: ' + kwargs.get('node')
    print 'URL: ' + kwargs.get('url')

    sys.exit(0)

def run():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument('--username', '-u', type=str, default=None, help='Username for the login to the WebCTRL server')
    parser.add_argument('--password', '-p', type=str, default=None, help='Password for the login to the WebCTRL server')
    parser.add_argument('--node', '-n', type=str, default=None,
        help='Path to the point or node whose children you want to retrieve. Start querying at the lowest level with "-n /trees/geographic"')
    parser.add_argument('-url', type=str, default='https://webctrl.rz-berlin.mpg.de',
        help="URL of the WebCTRL server as e.g. http://google.de")
    args = parser.parse_args()

    main(**args)

在python终端中运行它会按预期产生：

$ python test.py 
Username: wsdl
Node: /trees/geographic
URL: https://my.server.de

但是通过pyinstaller构建它并将其作为命令行工具运行它没有输出：

~/PycharmProjects/webctrl$ ./dist/wc_query_test/wc_query_test -h
~/PycharmProjects/webctrl$

如何修改wc_query_test.py以便它接受参数并充当命令行工具？

Answer 1

感谢所有回复的人。在同事的帮助下，我得到了我的问题的答案。这是正常运行的代码：

<强> wc_query_test.py ：

import sys
import argparse
import getpass

def main(args):
    if args['username'] is None:
        print 'No user name specified. Login to WebCTRL needs a user name and password. Check all options for this command via -h'
        sys.exit(1)
    else:
        username = args['username']
    if args['password'] is None:
        password = getpass.getpass('No password specified via -p. Please enter your WebCTRL login password: ')
    else:
        password = args['password']
    if args['node'] is None:
        print 'No path to a node specified. Check all options for this command via -h'
        sys.exit(1)
    if args['url'] is None:
        print 'No URL given. Specify the URL to the WebCTRL server analogous to http://google.de'
        sys.exit(1)
    else:
        wsdlFile = args['url'] + '/_common/webservices/Eval?wsdl'

    # This doesn't belong to my original code. It's rather for demonstration:
    # Print the arguments and leave the script
    print 'Username: ' + args['username']
    print 'Node: ' + args['node']
    print 'URL: ' + args['url']


# The parser is only called if this script is called as a script/executable (via command line) but not when imported by another script
if __name__=='__main__':
    if len(sys.argv) < 2:
        print "You haven't specified any arguments. Use -h to get more details on how to use this command."
        sys.exit(1)
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument('--username', '-u', type=str, default=None, help='Username for the login to the WebCTRL server')
    parser.add_argument('--password', '-p', type=str, default=None, help='Password for the login to the WebCTRL server')
    parser.add_argument('--node', '-n', type=str, default=None,
        help='Path to the point or node whose children you want to retrieve. Start querying at the lowest level with "-n /trees/geographic"')
    parser.add_argument('-url', type=str, default='https://webctrl.rz-berlin.mpg.de',
        help="URL of the WebCTRL server as e.g. http://google.de")
    args = parser.parse_args()

    # Convert the argparse.Namespace to a dictionary: vars(args)
    main(vars(args))
    sys.exit(0)

现在，有三种方法可以执行wc_query_test，这是我想要实现的目标：

1）从命令行调用wc_query_test.py：

~/PycharmProjects/webctrl$ python wc_query_test.py -u aawrg -p wgAWER -n YWERGAEWR

2）从命令行编译并调用wc_query_test：

~/PycharmProjects/webctrl$ pyinstaller --distpath dist/. wc_query_test.py
~/PycharmProjects/webctrl$ ./dist/wc_query_test/wc_query_test -u aawrg -p wgAWER -n YWERGAEWR

3）从另一个python脚本调用wc_query_test，该脚本进入模块类型用法的方向：

import wc_query_test
myDictonary = {'username':'wsdl', 'password':'aaaaaa', 'node':'/trees/geographic', 'url':'https://my.server.de'}
wc_query_test.main(myDictonary)

所有三个版本都会产生与预期相同的输出，例如：

~/PycharmProjects/webctrl$ ./dist/wc_query_test/wc_query_test -u aawrg -p wgAWER -n YWERGAEWR
Username: aawrg
Node: YWERGAEWR
URL: https://webctrl.rz-berlin.mpg.de

Answer 2

**kwargs用于将字典或keyword=value对传递给函数。 args = parser.parse_args()返回argparse.Namespace个对象，而不是字典。但是vars(args)会从中生成一个字典。

In [2]: def foo1(args):
   ...:     print(args)
   ...:     print(args.foo)
   ...:     
In [3]: def foo2(**kwargs):
   ...:     print(kwargs)
   ...:     print(kwargs['foo'])

In [12]: p = argparse.ArgumentParser()
In [13]: p.add_argument('--foo');
In [14]: args = p.parse_args('--foo one'.split())
In [15]: args
Out[15]: Namespace(foo='one')

将args传递给foo1：

In [16]: foo1(args)
Namespace(foo='one')
one

使用foo2

进行尝试

In [17]: foo2(args)
...
TypeError: foo2() takes 0 positional arguments but 1 was given

In [20]: foo2(**args)
TypeError: foo2() argument after ** must be a mapping, not Namespace

但传递扩展字典版本：

In [18]: vars(args)
Out[18]: {'foo': 'one'}
In [19]: foo2(**vars(args))
{'foo': 'one'}
one

将使用argparse的python脚本/模块导入另一个python脚本

2 个答案: