我本学期开始介绍计算机图形学，目前正在使用PyOpenGL和PyQt5来探索重心坐标。我的同学使用Windows机器能够运行以下代码而没有开箱即用的问题，但OSX上的所有人都遇到了同样的问题。我希望那里的其他人有更多这种环境的经验，可能会想到我们如何解决这些问题;我们已经做了大量的谷歌搜索，没有结果。谢谢！
代码：
import sys
from array import array
from ctypes import c_void_p
from OpenGL.GL import *
from OpenGL.GLU import *
from PyQt5.QtGui import QImage, qRgb
from PyQt5.QtOpenGL import QGLWidget
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication
from textwrap import dedent
# create a function that draws a triangle via software rasterization
def softwareRasterization(width, height, vertices, colors):
image = QImage(width, height, QImage.Format_RGB32)
# TODO: compute the bounding box around the given vertices
# TODO: compute the barycentric coordinates for each point in the box
# TODO: color the points that are inside of the triangle
if image.save("triangle.jpg", None, 100):
print("Output triangle.jpg")
else:
print("Unable to save triangle.jpg")
# extend QGLWidget to draw a triangle via hardware rasterization
class HardwareRasterizationWidget(QGLWidget):
def __init__(self, vertices, colors, *args, **kwargs):
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.vertices = array('f')
# TODO: convert the input coordinate to normalized device coordinates
self.colors = array('f', colors)
def _sizeof(self, a):
return a.itemsize * len(a)
def initializeGL(self):
verticesSize = self._sizeof(self.vertices)
# create a new Vertex Array Object on the GPU which saves the attribute
# layout of our vertices
vao = glGenVertexArrays(1)
glBindVertexArray(vao)
# create a buffer on the GPU for position and color data
dataBuffer = glGenBuffers(1)
# upload the data to the GPU, storing it in the buffer we just created
# TODO: upload the color data into the GPU buffer as well
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, dataBuffer)
glBufferData(
GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,
verticesSize,
None,
GL_STATIC_DRAW
)
glBufferSubData(
GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,
0,
verticesSize,
self.vertices.tostring()
)
# load our vertex and fragment shaders into a program object on the GPU
program = self.loadShaders()
# bind the attribute "position" (defined in our vertex shader) to the
# currently bound buffer object, which contains our position data
# this information is stored in our vertex array object
position = glGetAttribLocation(program, 'position')
glEnableVertexAttribArray(position)
glVertexAttribPointer(
position,
3,
GL_FLOAT,
GL_FALSE,
0,
c_void_p(0)
)
# TODO: bind the attribute "color" to the buffer object
def loadShaders(self):
# create a GL Program Object
program = glCreateProgram()
# vertex shader
# TODO: add a color input and color output
vs_source = dedent("""
#version 330
in vec3 position;
void main()
{
gl_Position = vec4(position, 1.0);
}\
""")
vs = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER)
glShaderSource(vs, vs_source)
glCompileShader(vs)
glAttachShader(program, vs)
if glGetShaderiv(vs, GL_COMPILE_STATUS) != GL_TRUE:
raise RuntimeError(glGetShaderInfoLog(vs))
# fragment shader
# TODO: add a color input with the same name as the vertex output
fs_source = dedent("""
#version 330
void main()
{
gl_FragColor = vec4(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
}\
""")
fs = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER)
glShaderSource(fs, fs_source)
glCompileShader(fs)
glAttachShader(program, fs)
if glGetShaderiv(fs, GL_COMPILE_STATUS) != GL_TRUE:
raise RuntimeError(glGetShaderInfoLog(fs))
# use the program
glLinkProgram(program)
glUseProgram(program)
return program
def paintGL(self):
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3)
def resizeGL(self, width, height):
glViewport(0, 0, width, height)
if __name__ == "__main__":
width = 640
height = 480
# TODO: prompt the user for 3 points and colors separated by spaces
# TODO: validate input and parse into the vertices and colors lists
vertices = [
50, 50, 0, # vertice 1
600, 20, 0, # vertice 2
300, 400, 0 # vertice 3
]
colors = [
1, 0, 0, # color 1
0, 1, 0, # color 2
0, 0, 1 # color 3
]
softwareRasterization(width, height, vertices, colors)
app = QApplication(sys.argv)
w = HardwareRasterizationWidget(vertices, colors)
pRatio = w.devicePixelRatio()
w.resize(width/pRatio, height/pRatio)
w.show()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
错误：
Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Users/JesseRichmond/vEnvPyCharm/lib/python3.5/site-packages/OpenGL/latebind.py", line 41, in __call__ return self._finalCall( *args, **named ) TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not callable During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Users/JesseRichmond/Desktop/Spring 2017 Academics/Projects/310/rasterization.py", line 45, in initializeGL vao = glGenVertexArrays(1) File "/Users/JesseRichmond/vEnvPyCharm/lib/python3.5/site-packages/OpenGL/latebind.py", line 45, in __call__ return self._finalCall( *args, **named ) File "/Users/JesseRichmond/vEnvPyCharm/lib/python3.5/site-packages/OpenGL/wrapper.py", line 657, in wrapperCall result = wrappedOperation( *cArguments ) File "/Users/JesseRichmond/vEnvPyCharm/lib/python3.5/site-packages/OpenGL/platform/baseplatform.py", line 407, in __call__ self.__name__, self.__name__, OpenGL.error.NullFunctionError: Attempt to call an undefined function glGenVertexArrays, check for bool(glGenVertexArrays) before calling