Python是否有类的默认构造函数?

时间:2017-03-19 13:28:42

标签: python class constructor

我问自己Python3.6是否有类的默认构造函数。所以我写了一些代码来测试这个。但是,当我开始测试时,我留下了更多的问题。

我试图理解为什么myCat在我的程序的第11行构建好了,但我无法解释为什么我的程序的第27行要求知道自己

如果可以提供帮助,请查看此Python代码和输出...是否有意义? 我制作了两个文件animal.py和an_test_program.py。

#!/usr/bin/env python3
#animal.py file  ==============================
class animal:
    name = ""
    height = 0
    weight = 0

    def __init__( self, name, height, weight):
        self.name = name
        self.height = height
        self.weight = weight

    def printvars(self):
        print(self.name)
        print(self.height)
        print(self.weight)


#!/usr/bin/env python3
#an_animal_program.py ==============================
import animal as an

#Instantiate a variable of type animal using the special constructor of the class
myDog = an.animal('Capitan', 30, 70)
print('myDog\'s name is ' + myDog.name)
myDog.printvars()

#now play around with Python and discover some things...
#Instantiate a variable of type animal without using the special constructor
myCat = an.animal
print('myCat\'s name is ' + myCat.name)
print('myCat\'s height is ' + "%d" % (myCat.height))
print('myCat\'s weight is ' + "%d" % (myCat.weight))

#notice everything in myCat is empty or zero
#thats because myCat is not initialized with data
#none-the-less myCat is a viable object, otherwise Python would puke out myCat

myCat.name = 'Backstreet'
print('myCat\'s name is ' + myCat.name) # now myCat.name has data in it
    #Ouch... this next line produces an error:
    #myCat.printvars()
    #"an_test_program.py", line 21, in <module>
    #    myCat.printvars()
    #TypeError: printvars() missing 1 required positional argument: 'self'
myCat.printvars(myCat)   #ok, I'm rolling with it, but this is wierd !!!

#oh well, enough of the wierdness, see if the myCat var can be
#reinstantiated with an animal class that is correctly constructed
myCat = an.animal('Backstreet', 7, 5)
myCat.printvars()

#I'm trying to understand why myCat constructed ok on line 11
#But I can't explain why line 27 demanded to know itself
#the output is:
# RESTART: an_test_program.py 
#myDog's name is Capitan
#Capitan
#30
#70
#myCat's name is 
#myCat's height is 0
#myCat's weight is 0
#myCat's name is Backstreet
#Backstreet
#0
#0
#Backstreet
#7
#5

1 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:3)

你没有构建任何东西。您只创建了对animal类的另一个引用。

该类已经有nameheightweight属性,因此print()语句可以访问这些属性并打印值。您还可以为这些类属性提供不同的值,因此myCat.name = 'Backstreet'也可以 。但是,animal.name也可以看到此更改。

myCat.printvars是对您定义的方法的引用,但它是未绑定;这里没有实例,只有一个类对象,所以没有什么可以设置self。在这种情况下,您可以明确传入self的值,这就是myCat.printvars(myCat)有效的原因;您明确地将self设置为myCat,并且该类对象再次具有此工作所需的属性..

您仍然可以从myCat引用创建实际实例:

an_actual_cat = myCat('Felix', 10, 15)

请记住,Python中的所有名称都是引用;您可以通过分配:

来始终对对象进行更多引用
foo = an.animal
bar = an.animal

现在,foobar也指向animal类。