哎, 我想在手机上存储密码的哈希,但我不知道该怎么做。我似乎只能找到加密方法。哈希密码的最佳方法是什么? 感谢
答案 0 :(得分:253)
这里的大多数其他答案都与今天的最佳做法有些过时了。因此,这里是使用PBKDF2 / Rfc2898DeriveBytes来存储和验证密码的应用。以下代码位于此帖子中的独立类中:Another example of how to store a salted password hash。基础知识非常简单,所以在这里分解:
第1步使用加密PRNG创建salt值:
byte[] salt;
new RNGCryptoServiceProvider().GetBytes(salt = new byte[16]);
第2步创建Rfc2898DeriveBytes并获取哈希值:
var pbkdf2 = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(password, salt, 10000);
byte[] hash = pbkdf2.GetBytes(20);
第3步将salt和password字节组合起来供以后使用:
byte[] hashBytes = new byte[36];
Array.Copy(salt, 0, hashBytes, 0, 16);
Array.Copy(hash, 0, hashBytes, 16, 20);
第4步将合并的salt + hash转换为字符串进行存储
string savedPasswordHash = Convert.ToBase64String(hashBytes);
DBContext.AddUser(new User { ..., Password = savedPasswordHash });
第5步:根据存储的密码验证用户输入的密码
/* Fetch the stored value */
string savedPasswordHash = DBContext.GetUser(u => u.UserName == user).Password;
/* Extract the bytes */
byte[] hashBytes = Convert.FromBase64String(savedPasswordHash);
/* Get the salt */
byte[] salt = new byte[16];
Array.Copy(hashBytes, 0, salt, 0, 16);
/* Compute the hash on the password the user entered */
var pbkdf2 = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(password, salt, 10000);
byte[] hash = pbkdf2.GetBytes(20);
/* Compare the results */
for (int i=0; i < 20; i++)
if (hashBytes[i+16] != hash[i])
throw new UnauthorizedAccessException();
注意:根据特定应用程序的性能要求,可以减少值“10000”。最小值应该在1000左右。
答案 1 :(得分:53)
基于csharptest.net's很好的答案,我为此编写了一个类:
public static class SecurePasswordHasher
{
/// <summary>
/// Size of salt.
/// </summary>
private const int SaltSize = 16;
/// <summary>
/// Size of hash.
/// </summary>
private const int HashSize = 20;
/// <summary>
/// Creates a hash from a password.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="password">The password.</param>
/// <param name="iterations">Number of iterations.</param>
/// <returns>The hash.</returns>
public static string Hash(string password, int iterations)
{
// Create salt
byte[] salt;
new RNGCryptoServiceProvider().GetBytes(salt = new byte[SaltSize]);
// Create hash
var pbkdf2 = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(password, salt, iterations);
var hash = pbkdf2.GetBytes(HashSize);
// Combine salt and hash
var hashBytes = new byte[SaltSize + HashSize];
Array.Copy(salt, 0, hashBytes, 0, SaltSize);
Array.Copy(hash, 0, hashBytes, SaltSize, HashSize);
// Convert to base64
var base64Hash = Convert.ToBase64String(hashBytes);
// Format hash with extra information
return string.Format("$MYHASH$V1${0}${1}", iterations, base64Hash);
}
/// <summary>
/// Creates a hash from a password with 10000 iterations
/// </summary>
/// <param name="password">The password.</param>
/// <returns>The hash.</returns>
public static string Hash(string password)
{
return Hash(password, 10000);
}
/// <summary>
/// Checks if hash is supported.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="hashString">The hash.</param>
/// <returns>Is supported?</returns>
public static bool IsHashSupported(string hashString)
{
return hashString.Contains("$MYHASH$V1$");
}
/// <summary>
/// Verifies a password against a hash.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="password">The password.</param>
/// <param name="hashedPassword">The hash.</param>
/// <returns>Could be verified?</returns>
public static bool Verify(string password, string hashedPassword)
{
// Check hash
if (!IsHashSupported(hashedPassword))
{
throw new NotSupportedException("The hashtype is not supported");
}
// Extract iteration and Base64 string
var splittedHashString = hashedPassword.Replace("$MYHASH$V1$", "").Split('$');
var iterations = int.Parse(splittedHashString[0]);
var base64Hash = splittedHashString[1];
// Get hash bytes
var hashBytes = Convert.FromBase64String(base64Hash);
// Get salt
var salt = new byte[SaltSize];
Array.Copy(hashBytes, 0, salt, 0, SaltSize);
// Create hash with given salt
var pbkdf2 = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(password, salt, iterations);
byte[] hash = pbkdf2.GetBytes(HashSize);
// Get result
for (var i = 0; i < HashSize; i++)
{
if (hashBytes[i + SaltSize] != hash[i])
{
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
}
用法:
// Hash
var hash = SecurePasswordHasher.Hash("mypassword");
// Verify
var result = SecurePasswordHasher.Verify("mypassword", hash);
示例哈希可以是:
$MYHASH$V1$10000$Qhxzi6GNu/Lpy3iUqkeqR/J1hh8y/h5KPDjrv89KzfCVrubn
正如您所看到的,我还将哈希中的迭代包含在内以便于使用,如果我们需要升级,还可以升级它。
如果您对.net核心感兴趣,我在Code Review上也有.net核心版本。
答案 2 :(得分:52)
更新:此答案严重过时。请改用https://stackoverflow.com/a/10402129/251311中的建议。
您可以使用
var md5 = new MD5CryptoServiceProvider();
var md5data = md5.ComputeHash(data);
或
var sha1 = new SHA1CryptoServiceProvider();
var sha1data = sha1.ComputeHash(data);
要将data
作为字节数组,您可以使用
var data = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(password);
并从md5data
或sha1data
var hashedPassword = ASCIIEncoding.GetString(md5data);
答案 3 :(得分:13)
我使用哈希和salt进行密码加密(它与Asp.Net Membership使用的哈希相同):
private string PasswordSalt
{
get
{
var rng = new RNGCryptoServiceProvider();
var buff = new byte[32];
rng.GetBytes(buff);
return Convert.ToBase64String(buff);
}
}
private string EncodePassword(string password, string salt)
{
byte[] bytes = Encoding.Unicode.GetBytes(password);
byte[] src = Encoding.Unicode.GetBytes(salt);
byte[] dst = new byte[src.Length + bytes.Length];
Buffer.BlockCopy(src, 0, dst, 0, src.Length);
Buffer.BlockCopy(bytes, 0, dst, src.Length, bytes.Length);
HashAlgorithm algorithm = HashAlgorithm.Create("SHA1");
byte[] inarray = algorithm.ComputeHash(dst);
return Convert.ToBase64String(inarray);
}
答案 4 :(得分:5)
@csharptest.net和Christian Gollhardt's的答案很好,非常感谢。但是,在具有数百万条记录的生产环境中运行此代码后,我发现内存泄漏。 RNGCryptoServiceProvider 和 Rfc2898DeriveBytes 类是从IDisposable派生的,但我们不会对其进行处理。如果有人需要废弃版本,我将写我的解决方案作为答案。
public static class SecurePasswordHasher
{
/// <summary>
/// Size of salt.
/// </summary>
private const int SaltSize = 16;
/// <summary>
/// Size of hash.
/// </summary>
private const int HashSize = 20;
/// <summary>
/// Creates a hash from a password.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="password">The password.</param>
/// <param name="iterations">Number of iterations.</param>
/// <returns>The hash.</returns>
public static string Hash(string password, int iterations)
{
// Create salt
using (var rng = new RNGCryptoServiceProvider())
{
byte[] salt;
rng.GetBytes(salt = new byte[SaltSize]);
using (var pbkdf2 = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(password, salt, iterations))
{
var hash = pbkdf2.GetBytes(HashSize);
// Combine salt and hash
var hashBytes = new byte[SaltSize + HashSize];
Array.Copy(salt, 0, hashBytes, 0, SaltSize);
Array.Copy(hash, 0, hashBytes, SaltSize, HashSize);
// Convert to base64
var base64Hash = Convert.ToBase64String(hashBytes);
// Format hash with extra information
return $"$HASH|V1${iterations}${base64Hash}";
}
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Creates a hash from a password with 10000 iterations
/// </summary>
/// <param name="password">The password.</param>
/// <returns>The hash.</returns>
public static string Hash(string password)
{
return Hash(password, 10000);
}
/// <summary>
/// Checks if hash is supported.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="hashString">The hash.</param>
/// <returns>Is supported?</returns>
public static bool IsHashSupported(string hashString)
{
return hashString.Contains("HASH|V1$");
}
/// <summary>
/// Verifies a password against a hash.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="password">The password.</param>
/// <param name="hashedPassword">The hash.</param>
/// <returns>Could be verified?</returns>
public static bool Verify(string password, string hashedPassword)
{
// Check hash
if (!IsHashSupported(hashedPassword))
{
throw new NotSupportedException("The hashtype is not supported");
}
// Extract iteration and Base64 string
var splittedHashString = hashedPassword.Replace("$HASH|V1$", "").Split('$');
var iterations = int.Parse(splittedHashString[0]);
var base64Hash = splittedHashString[1];
// Get hash bytes
var hashBytes = Convert.FromBase64String(base64Hash);
// Get salt
var salt = new byte[SaltSize];
Array.Copy(hashBytes, 0, salt, 0, SaltSize);
// Create hash with given salt
using (var pbkdf2 = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(password, salt, iterations))
{
byte[] hash = pbkdf2.GetBytes(HashSize);
// Get result
for (var i = 0; i < HashSize; i++)
{
if (hashBytes[i + SaltSize] != hash[i])
{
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
}
}
用法:
// Hash
var hash = SecurePasswordHasher.Hash("mypassword");
// Verify
var result = SecurePasswordHasher.Verify("mypassword", hash);
答案 5 :(得分:4)
在ASP.NET Core中,使用PasswordHasher<TUser>
。
•命名空间:Microsoft.AspNetCore.Identity
•组装:Microsoft.Extensions.Identity.Core.dll
(NuGet | Source)
要散列密码,请使用HashPassword()
:
var hashedPassword = new PasswordHasher<object?>().HashPassword(null, password);
要验证密码,请使用VerifyHashedPassword()
:
var passwordVerificationResult = new PasswordHasher<object?>().VerifyHashedPassword(null, hashedPassword, password);
switch (passwordVerificationResult)
{
case PasswordVerificationResult.Failed:
Console.WriteLine("Password incorrect.");
break;
case PasswordVerificationResult.Success:
Console.WriteLine("Password ok.");
break;
case PasswordVerificationResult.SuccessRehashNeeded:
Console.WriteLine("Password ok but should be rehashed and updated.");
break;
default:
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException();
}
优点:
PasswordHasherOptions
)。缺点:
答案 6 :(得分:1)
public class CryptographyProcessor
{
public string CreateSalt(int size)
{
//Generate a cryptographic random number.
RNGCryptoServiceProvider rng = new RNGCryptoServiceProvider();
byte[] buff = new byte[size];
rng.GetBytes(buff);
return Convert.ToBase64String(buff);
}
public string GenerateHash(string input, string salt)
{
byte[] bytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(input + salt);
SHA256Managed sHA256ManagedString = new SHA256Managed();
byte[] hash = sHA256ManagedString.ComputeHash(bytes);
return Convert.ToBase64String(hash);
}
public bool AreEqual(string plainTextInput, string hashedInput, string salt)
{
string newHashedPin = GenerateHash(plainTextInput, salt);
return newHashedPin.Equals(hashedInput);
}
}
答案 7 :(得分:0)
我认为使用KeyDerivation.Pbkdf2优于Rfc2898DeriveBytes。
示例和解释: Hash passwords in ASP.NET Core
using System;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Cryptography.KeyDerivation;
public class Program
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.Write("Enter a password: ");
string password = Console.ReadLine();
// generate a 128-bit salt using a secure PRNG
byte[] salt = new byte[128 / 8];
using (var rng = RandomNumberGenerator.Create())
{
rng.GetBytes(salt);
}
Console.WriteLine($"Salt: {Convert.ToBase64String(salt)}");
// derive a 256-bit subkey (use HMACSHA1 with 10,000 iterations)
string hashed = Convert.ToBase64String(KeyDerivation.Pbkdf2(
password: password,
salt: salt,
prf: KeyDerivationPrf.HMACSHA1,
iterationCount: 10000,
numBytesRequested: 256 / 8));
Console.WriteLine($"Hashed: {hashed}");
}
}
/*
* SAMPLE OUTPUT
*
* Enter a password: Xtw9NMgx
* Salt: NZsP6NnmfBuYeJrrAKNuVQ==
* Hashed: /OOoOer10+tGwTRDTrQSoeCxVTFr6dtYly7d0cPxIak=
*/
这是文章中的示例代码。这是最低安全级别。 为了增加它,我将使用KeyDerivationPrf.HMACSHA1参数代替
KeyDerivationPrf.HMACSHA256或KeyDerivationPrf.HMACSHA512。
不要妥协密码哈希。有许多数学上合理的方法可以优化密码哈希黑客。后果可能是灾难性的。 一旦恶意分子可以使用您用户的密码哈希表,那将是相对的 如果算法较弱或实现不正确,他很容易破解密码。 他有很多时间(时间x计算机能力)来破解密码。密码散列应具有强大的密码学功能,可以“花很多时间” 到“ 不合理的时间”。
要添加的另一点
散列验证需要时间(很好)。 当用户输入错误的用户名时,无需花费任何时间即可检查用户名是否正确。 如果用户名正确,我们将开始密码验证-这是一个相对较长的过程。
对于黑客来说,很容易理解用户是否存在。
请确保当用户名错误时不要立即返回答案。
无需多说:永远不要回答问题什么。只是一般的“凭据错误”。
答案 8 :(得分:0)
使用下面的类首先生成盐。每个用户都需要拥有不同的盐,我们可以将其与其他用户属性一起保存在数据库中。 rounds值决定密码被哈希的次数。
public class HashSaltWithRounds
{
int saltLength = 32;
public byte[] GenerateSalt()
{
using (var randomNumberGenerator = new RNGCryptoServiceProvider())
{
var randomNumber = new byte[saltLength];
randomNumberGenerator.GetBytes(randomNumber);
return randomNumber;
}
}
public string HashDataWithRounds(byte[] password, byte[] salt, int rounds)
{
using(var rfc2898= new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(password, salt, rounds))
{
return Convert.ToBase64String(rfc2898.GetBytes(32));
}
}
}
我们可以从控制台应用程序调用它,如下所示。我已经使用相同的盐对密码进行了两次哈希处理。
public class Program
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
int numberOfIterations = 99;
var hashFunction = new HashSaltWithRounds();
string password = "Your Password Here";
byte[] salt = hashFunction.GenerateSalt();
var hashedPassword1 = hashFunction.HashDataWithRounds(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(password), salt, numberOfIterations);
var hashedPassword2 = hashFunction.HashDataWithRounds(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(password), salt, numberOfIterations);
Console.WriteLine($"hashedPassword1 :{hashedPassword1}");
Console.WriteLine($"hashedPassword2 :{hashedPassword2}");
Console.WriteLine(hashedPassword1.Equals(hashedPassword2));
Console.ReadLine();
}
}