我一直在研究这个Udacity web dev course，并希望尝试使用this example将简单的散景图嵌入到网页中。正在运行dev_appserver.py会出现错误：ImportError: No module named _ctypes
我有：
This answer表示Google App Engine不允许导入ctypes。但是，我不确定如何确认Bokeh是否属于这种情况。这是由Bokeh导入ctypes引起的错误吗？如果有的话有解决方法吗？
ERROR 2017-01-21 19:14:53,799 wsgi.py:263]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\runtime\wsgi.py", line 240, in Handle
handler = _config_handle.add_wsgi_middleware(self._LoadHandler())
File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\runtime\wsgi.py", line 299, in _LoadHandler
handler, path, err = LoadObject(self._handler)
File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\runtime\wsgi.py", line 85, in LoadObject
obj = __import__(path[0])
File "C:\Users\Google Drive\Udacity web development 2017\udacit
y-cs253\bokeh\1_docs_example\main.py", line 2, in <module>
from bokeh.plotting import figure
File "C:\Users\Google Drive\Udacity web development 2017\udacit
y-cs253\bokeh\1_docs_example\lib\bokeh\plotting\__init__.py", line 2, in <module
>
from ..document import Document; Document
File "C:\Users\Google Drive\Udacity web development 2017\udacit
y-cs253\bokeh\1_docs_example\lib\bokeh\document.py", line 45, in <module>
from .core.json_encoder import serialize_json
File "C:\Users\Google Drive\Udacity web development 2017\udacit
y-cs253\bokeh\1_docs_example\lib\bokeh\core\json_encoder.py", line 43, in <modul
e>
import numpy as np
File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\devappserver2\python\sandbox.py", line
706, in load_module
module = self._find_and_load_module(fullname, fullname, [module_path])
File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\devappserver2\python\sandbox.py", line
447, in _find_and_load_module
return imp.load_module(fullname, source_file, path_name, description)
File "D:\Python27\lib\numpy\__init__.py", line 142, in <module>
from . import add_newdocs
INFO 2017-01-21 19:14:53,859 module.py:806] default: "GET / HTTP/1.1" 500 -
File "D:\Python27\lib\numpy\add_newdocs.py", line 13, in <module>
from numpy.lib import add_newdoc
File "D:\Python27\lib\numpy\lib\__init__.py", line 8, in <module>
from .type_check import *
File "D:\Python27\lib\numpy\lib\type_check.py", line 11, in <module>
import numpy.core.numeric as _nx
File "D:\Python27\lib\numpy\core\__init__.py", line 33, in <module>
from . import _internal # for freeze programs
File "D:\Python27\lib\numpy\core\_internal.py", line 14, in <module>
import ctypes
File "D:\Python27\lib\ctypes\__init__.py", line 7, in <module>
from _ctypes import Union, Structure, Array
File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\devappserver2\python\sandbox.py", line
964, in load_module
raise ImportError('No module named %s' % fullname)
ImportError: No module named _ctypes
的app.yaml：
runtime: python27
api_version: 1
threadsafe: true
handlers:
- url: /.*
script: main.app
libraries:
- name: jinja2
version: latest
- name: numpy
version: latest
main.py
import os, webapp2, jinja2
from bokeh.plotting import figure
from bokeh.embed import components
plot = figure()
plot.circle([1,2], [3,4])
script, div = components(plot)
template_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'templates')
jinja_env = jinja2.Environment(loader = jinja2.FileSystemLoader(template_dir),
autoescape = True)
class Handler(webapp2.RequestHandler):
def write(self, *a, **kw):
self.response.write(*a, **kw)
def render_str(self, template, **kw):
t = jinja_env.get_template(template)
return t.render(kw)
def render(self, template, **kw):
self.write(self.render_str(template, **kw))
class MainPage(Handler):
def get(self):
self.render("chart.html", script = script, div = div)
app = webapp2.WSGIApplication([
('/', MainPage),
], debug=True)
chart.html
{% extends "base.html" %}
{% block content %}
<!-- Load BokehJS -->
<link
href="http://cdn.pydata.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-0.12.0.min.css"
rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link
href="http://cdn.pydata.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-widgets-0.12.0.min.css"
rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<script src="http://cdn.pydata.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-0.12.0.min.js"></script>
<script src="http://cdn.pydata.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-widgets-0.12.0.min.js"></script>
{{ script }}
{{ div }}
{% endblock %}
base.html文件
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Udacity Templates!</title>
</head>
<body style="margin: 0">
<h1 style="background-color: #ddd; color: #888; margin: 0; height: 50px">Udacity Templates</h1>
{% block content %}
{% endblock %}
</body>
</html>
gcloud版
更新1： 我卸载了numpy 1.12.0并安装了numpy 1.6.1。我现在得到这个错误：
NP_MS_DELTA = np.timedelta64(1, 'ms')
TypeError: function takes at most 1 argument (2 given)
This状态numpy 1.6.1无法在标量构造函数中指定单位。这是否意味着Bokeh依赖于numpy＆gt; 1.6.1？
ERROR 2017-01-22 10:37:45,980 wsgi.py:263]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\runtime\wsgi.py", line 240, in Handle
handler = _config_handle.add_wsgi_middleware(self._LoadHandler())
File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\runtime\wsgi.py", line 299, in _LoadHandler
handler, path, err = LoadObject(self._handler)
File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\runtime\wsgi.py", line 85, in LoadObject
obj = __import__(path[0])
File "C:\Users\Google Drive\Udacity web development 2017\udacit
y-cs253\bokeh\1_docs_example\main.py", line 2, in <module>
from bokeh.plotting import figure
File "C:\Users\Google Drive\Udacity web development 2017\udacit
y-cs253\bokeh\1_docs_example\lib\bokeh\plotting\__init__.py", line 2, in <module
>
from ..document import Document; Document
File "C:\Users\Google Drive\Udacity web development 2017\udacit
y-cs253\bokeh\1_docs_example\lib\bokeh\document.py", line 45, in <module>
from .core.json_encoder import serialize_json
File "C:\Users\Google Drive\Udacity web development 2017\udacit
y-cs253\bokeh\1_docs_example\lib\bokeh\core\json_encoder.py", line 53, in <modul
e>
NP_MS_DELTA = np.timedelta64(1, 'ms')
TypeError: function takes at most 1 argument (2 given)
INFO 2017-01-22 10:37:46,170 module.py:806] default: "GET / HTTP/1.1" 500 -
更新2：
这让我想起了当我安装Bokeh的时候。当下载它的依赖性numpy时，它似乎依赖于numpy＆gt; = 1.7.1：
Collecting numpy>=1.7.1 (from Bokeh)
答案 0 :(得分：8)
我设法让dev服务器运行2 hack
ImportError: No module named _ctypes
这实际上是由烧瓶引起的 New Flask使用名为click的库，它使用ctypes Gae不允许使用ctypes 解： 使用
安装和旧版本的点击pip install --target lib --upgrade click==5.1
这修复了ctypes但导致了另一个错误
ImportError: No module named msvcrt
这可以通过将这些行添加到appengine_config.py（与app.yaml位于同一文件夹中）轻松修复。
import os, sys
on_appengine = os.environ.get('SERVER_SOFTWARE','').startswith('Development')
if on_appengine and os.name == 'nt':
sys.platform = "Not Windows"
此dev服务器启动并运行后
答案 1 :(得分：5)
谷歌发布的解决方法：
https://issuetracker.google.com/issues/38290292
<sdk_root>\google\appengine\tools\devappserver2\python\sandbox.py 找到_WHITE_LIST_C_MODULES = [xxx]的定义
在列表中添加以下两行：
'_winreg',
'_ctypes',
为我工作。
答案 2 :(得分：2)
修改：请参阅以下答案，了解Google的新解决方法。
我可以断言，Bokeh本身不会直接在库中的任何地方使用ctypes。但它确实使用NumPy，似乎至少某些版本的NumPy使用ctypes？这个链接：
http://kawahara.ca/using-numpy-on-google-app-engine-with-the-anaconda-python-distribution/
似乎表明GAE支持仅版本1.6的NumPy。我可能认为这是因为该版本不使用ctypes，或者因为Google特别将该版本列入白名单。
所以建议将专门安装NumPy 1.6，而不是最新版本（使用pip或conda或其他）。
答案 3 :(得分：2)
这对我来说在14.04LTS和基础内核4.1+上工作正常......安装python3.7时：
sudo apt-get install libffi-dev
答案 4 :(得分：0)
您可以将包 six 添加到您的requirements.txt中 那个修复我
pip install -t lib/ six