我对JS中的OOP比较新,所以请跟我说一下。
假设我有一个Restaurant
构造函数。我想将通过构造函数创建的Menu
个对象分配给每个餐馆。但是,我希望能够在Restaurant
的方法中访问父Menu
的属性。
这样做的最佳方式是什么?
此代码完成工作:
// Restaurant constructor
function Restaurant(name, inventory){
this.name = name;
this.inventory = inventory;
var self = this;
// Menu constructor
this.Menu = function(items){
this.items = items;
// Checks whether an item is available in the menu AND the restaurant's stock
this.isAvailable = function(item){
if(this.items.indexOf(item) !== -1 && self.inventory.indexOf(item) !== -1){
console.log(item + ' is available in ' + self.name)
}else{
console.log(item + ' is not available in ' + self.name);
}
}
}
}
// First restaurant and its menus
var Diner = new Restaurant('diner', ['steak', 'fish', 'salad']);
var Entrees = new Diner.Menu(['steak', 'fish']);
var Appetizers = new Diner.Menu(['shrimp']);
// Not available, since salad isn't in the menu
Entrees.isAvailable('salad');
// Available, since fish is in stock and in the menu
Entrees.isAvailable('fish');
// Not available, since shrimp is not in stock
Appetizers.isAvailable('shrimp');
// Different restaurant and its menus
var BurgerJoint = new Restaurant('burger joint', ['burger', 'fries', 'ketchup']);
var Sides = new BurgerJoint.Menu(['ketchup', 'fries']);
var Lunch = new BurgerJoint.Menu(['fries', 'burger', 'mustard']);
Sides.isAvailable('salad');
Sides.isAvailable('fries');
Lunch.isAvailable('mustard');
但是,这会导致isAvailable方法(和其他类似方法)无法移动到原型的缺陷,因为它们依赖于Restaurant
属性的self
属性。最接近的是将Menu
构造函数替换为:
var self = this;
// Menu constructor
this.Menu = function(items){
this.items = items;
}
this.Menu.prototype = {
isAvailable:function(item){
//...
}
}
然而,这仍然会为每个Restaurant
创建一个新原型,尽管它确实在餐馆的菜单中共享原型。仍然感觉不太理想。
另一个选项是将Menu
构造函数与Restaurant
取消关联,并在创建新菜单时传入Restaurant
对象。像这样:
// Restaurant constructor
function Restaurant(name, inventory){
this.name = name;
this.inventory = inventory;
}
// Menu constructor
function Menu(restaurant, items){
this.restaurant = restaurant
this.items = items;
}
Menu.prototype = {
isAvailable:function(item){
if(this.items.indexOf(item) !== -1 && this.restaurant.inventory.indexOf(item) !== -1){
console.log(item + ' is available in ' + this.restaurant.name)
}else{
console.log(item + ' is not available in ' + this.restaurant.name);
}
}
}
新菜单的创建方式如下:
var Entrees = new Menu(Diner, ['steak', 'fish']);
这感觉不对,主要是因为语法不直观,Menu
与Restaurant
本身没有联系。
那么,这样做的正确方法是什么?这些都是?完全不同的方式?
答案 0 :(得分:1)
原型是你构建UPON的东西,不构建新的东西。例如,你有:
iOS 10.1
...实际上用一个对象替换原型......虽然你不会因为这样做而入狱,但它确实要求你在那个对象的上下文中做所有的“构造”。呸。
这是一个基于您的情况的模型,将为您提供良好的前进。多年来我一直在使用这种方法。它非常灵活和可扩展 - 并且感觉(和有点看起来像)“真正的”编程(例如java,C#等),而不是有趣的goo jquery。
你会注意到我们通过一个整洁的“p”变量构建INTO原型。我还想推迟初始化函数,以便我们可以将构造函数保持在顶部。
this.Menu.prototype = {
isAvailable:function(item){
//...
}
}
对于它的价值,我还想将每个类包装成一个闭包,并将每个类作为它自己的文件:
// ------------------------
// Restaurant "class"
// ------------------------
function Restaurant(params){
this.init(params);
}
var p = Restaurant.prototype;
// I like to define "properties" on the prototype here so I'm aware of all the properties in this "class"
p.name = null;
p.inventory = null; // Don't put arrays or objects on the prototype. Just don't, initialize on each instance.
p.menus = null;
p.init = function(params){
this.name = params.name;
this.inventory = params.inventory || []; // default to empty array so indexOf doesn't break
this.menus = {};
if(params.menus){
for(var prop in params.menus){
this.addMenu(prop, params.menus[prop]);
}
}
}
p.addMenu = function(name, items){
this.menus[name] = new Menu({
restaurant : this,
items : items
});
}
p.getMenu = function(name){
return this.menus[name];
}
// ------------------------
// Menu "class"
// ------------------------
function Menu(params){
this.init(params);
}
var p = Menu.prototype;
p.items = null;
p.restaurant = null;
p.init = function(params){
this.items = params.items || []; // default to an empty array
this.restaurant = params.restaurant;
}
p.isAvailable = function(item){
if(this.items.indexOf(item) !== -1 && this.restaurant.inventory.indexOf(item) !== -1){
console.log(item + ' is available in ' + this.restaurant.name)
}else{
console.log(item + ' is not available in ' + this.restaurant.name);
}
}
// First restaurant and its menus
var Diner = new Restaurant({
name : 'diner',
inventory : ['steak', 'fish', 'salad'],
menus : {
entrees : ['steak', 'fish'],
// appetizers : ['shrimp'] // maybe add this a different way (below)
}
});
// ... add a menu another way
Diner.addMenu('appetizers', ['shrimp']);
// Not available, since salad isn't in the menu
Diner.menus.entrees.isAvailable('salad');
// Available, since fish is in stock and in the menu
Diner.getMenu('entrees').isAvailable('fish');
// Not available, since shrimp is not in stock
Diner.menus.appetizers.isAvailable('shrimp');
// or
// Diner.getMenu('appetizers').isAvailable('shrimp');
我会在开发过程中将其放入自己的文件中,只需执行一次< script src =“...”>将每个类放入我的HTML中。然后,为了生产,我可以组合所有文件。
根据这种方法,使用它将是:
// ------------------------
// Restaurant "class"
// ------------------------
// Start the closure
this.myApp = this.myApp || {};
(function(){
// All this is the same as above ...
function Restaurant(params){
this.init(params);
}
var p = Restaurant.prototype;
p.init = function(){
... yada ...
// Here we finish the closure and add the primary function as a property
// to the "myApp" global object. So I'm essentially building up "myApp"
// kinda the same way as we built up the prototype.
myApp.Restaurant = Restaurant;
());
希望这有帮助。
答案 1 :(得分:0)
对象层次结构不应反映为构造函数嵌套。事实上,您所做的不是继承,而是 组合 。
因此,您应该将每个实体定义为顶级构造函数,并使用实际实例创建对象图:
var menu = new Menu();
var restaurant = new Restaurant(menu);
是什么表明餐厅有菜单?餐厅将以这种方式访问其菜单:restaurant.menu
。
在面向对象编程中,是动词表示继承,而具有动词表示聚合。
就是这样:
var menu = new Menu();
var restaurant = new Restaurant(menu);
menu.restaurant = restaurant;
这将是一对一关联。您可能需要在许多餐馆共享菜单。然后你会这样做:
var menu = new Menu();
var restaurant = new Restaurant(menu);
menu.restaurants.push(restaurant);
因此Menu
构造函数应初始化this.restaurants
:
function Menu() {
this.restaurants = [];
}