首先,我已经让这个程序在一个cpp文件下运行得很好,但问题是将这个程序除以每个函数和头文件 - 正如我的实验室指导员在课堂上讲的那样,我试图包含结构定义进入头文件,但我不断收到各种错误消息。我目前的头文件代码如下:
extern void threeLargest(Country countries[], Country fastGrowing[]);
extern void readData(Country countries[]);
extern void negGrowth(Country countries[]);
const int MAXCOUNTRIES = 229;
const int THREE = 3;
struct Country {
string name;
double pop1950;
double pop1970;
double pop1990;
double pop2010;
double pop2015;
double growthRate;
};
struct World {
int numCountries;
Country countries[MAXCOUNTRIES];
Country fastGrowing[THREE];
} myWorld;
现在,它给了我一个错误说明如下(我只带了一些,你会明白为什么):
In file included from lab10_0.cpp:1:0:
lab10.h:6:2: error: ‘string’ does not name a type
string name;
^
lab10_0.cpp: In function ‘void readData(Country*)’:
lab10_0.cpp:17:37: error: ‘struct Country’ has no member named ‘name’
getline(ifstr,myWorld.countries[i].name);
在我看来,头文件无法识别字符串类型,使用标头的其他cpp文件也是如此。所以,我尝试了包括
#include <string>
using namespace std;
在头文件的开头,但是我得到一个完全不同的错误消息,说
/tmp/cclU6znx.o:(.bss+0x0): multiple definition of `myWorld'
/tmp/ccQ69Fio.o:(.bss+0x0): first defined here
/tmp/cckXoPSG.o:(.bss+0x0): multiple definition of `myWorld'
/tmp/ccQ69Fio.o:(.bss+0x0): first defined here
/tmp/cctaCWNQ.o:(.bss+0x0): multiple definition of `myWorld'
/tmp/ccQ69Fio.o:(.bss+0x0): first defined here
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
我之前已经完成了这个分离文件,但是这次我必须在头文件中包含结构定义,而且我没有线索就被困在这里。请指教。我实际上在google搜索时尝试了很多东西,将头文件分成两个,一个头文件中的结构定义,另一个文件中的函数,但仍然没有运气。
请告知。
P.S。如果需要,我可以发布完整的程序。
=============================================== ======================= 在经过多次对话和帮助之后添加了部分 我正在上传我在开始时制作的原始cpp文件的代码,想知道这可能更容易让读者观察我的问题。
#include <string>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
const int MAXCOUNTRIES = 229;
const int THREE = 3;
struct Country{
string name;
double pop1950;
double pop1970;
double pop1990;
double pop2010;
double pop2015;
double growthRate;
};
struct World{
int numCountries;
Country countries[MAXCOUNTRIES];
Country fastGrowing[THREE];
} myWorld;
void threeLargest(Country countries[], Country fastGrowing[]);
void readData(Country countries[]);
void negGrowth(Country countries[]);
int main() {
readData(myWorld.countries);
threeLargest(myWorld.countries,myWorld.fastGrowing);
negGrowth(myWorld.countries);
return 0;
}
void readData(Country countries[])
{
fstream ifstr;
ifstr.open("population.csv");
for (int i=0; !(ifstr.eof()) && i < MAXCOUNTRIES; i++) {
ifstr >> myWorld.countries[i].pop1950 >> myWorld.countries[i].pop1970
>> myWorld.countries[i].pop1990 >> myWorld.countries[i].pop2010
>> myWorld.countries[i].pop2015;
getline(ifstr,myWorld.countries[i].name);
myWorld.countries[i].growthRate = ((myWorld.countries[i].pop2015-myWorld.countries[i].pop1950)/myWorld.countries[i].pop1950)*100;}
ifstr.close();
}
void threeLargest(Country countries[], Country fastGrowing[])
{
myWorld.fastGrowing[THREE].growthRate = { };
for (int i=0; i < MAXCOUNTRIES; i++) {
if (myWorld.countries[i].growthRate > myWorld.fastGrowing[0].growthRate) {
myWorld.fastGrowing[2].growthRate = myWorld.fastGrowing[1].growthRate;
myWorld.fastGrowing[2].name = myWorld.fastGrowing[1].name;
myWorld.fastGrowing[1].growthRate = myWorld.fastGrowing[0].growthRate;
myWorld.fastGrowing[1].name = myWorld.fastGrowing[0].name;
myWorld.fastGrowing[0].growthRate = myWorld.countries[i].growthRate;
myWorld.fastGrowing[0].name = myWorld.countries[i].name;}
else if (myWorld.countries[i].growthRate > myWorld.fastGrowing[1].growthRate) {
myWorld.fastGrowing[2].growthRate = myWorld.fastGrowing[1].growthRate;
myWorld.fastGrowing[2].name = myWorld.fastGrowing[1].name;
myWorld.fastGrowing[1].growthRate = myWorld.countries[i].growthRate;
myWorld.fastGrowing[1].name = myWorld.countries[i].name;}
else if (myWorld.countries[i].growthRate > myWorld.fastGrowing[2].growthRate) {
myWorld.fastGrowing[2].growthRate = myWorld.countries[i].growthRate;
myWorld.fastGrowing[2].name = myWorld.countries[i].name;}
}
cout << "The fastest growing country is " << myWorld.fastGrowing[0].name << ", which grew by "
<< fixed << setprecision(2) << myWorld.fastGrowing[0].growthRate << "% between 1950 and 2015.\n"
<< "The 2nd fastest growing country is " << myWorld.fastGrowing[1].name << " which grew by "
<< fixed << setprecision(2) << myWorld.fastGrowing[1].growthRate << "% between 1950 and 2015.\n"
<< "The 3rd fastest growing country is " << myWorld.fastGrowing[2].name << " which grew by "
<< fixed << setprecision(2) << myWorld.fastGrowing[2].growthRate << "% between 1950 and 2015.\n";
}
void negGrowth(Country countries[])
{
cout << "The following countries' population shrunk between 1950 and 2015:" << endl;
for (int i=0; i < MAXCOUNTRIES; i++) {
if (myWorld.countries[i].growthRate < 0)
cout << myWorld.countries[i].name << " shrunk by " << fixed << setprecision(2) << myWorld.countries[i].growthRate << "%." << endl;}
}
=============================================== ========= 第二次编辑/我的标题文件看起来如下:
#ifndef LAB10_H
#define LAB10_H
#include <string>
const int MAXCOUNTRIES = 229;
const int THREE = 3;
struct Country {
std::string name;
double pop1950;
double pop1970;
double pop1990;
double pop2010;
double pop2015;
double growthRate;
};
struct World {
int numCountries;
Country countries[MAXCOUNTRIES];
Country fastGrowing[THREE];
};
extern World myWorld;
extern void threeLargest(Country countries[], Country fastGrowing[]);
extern void readData(Country countries[]);
extern void negGrowth(Country countries[]);
正如我在你们的一些人的评论中提到的那样,在头文件中有extern World myWorld
,我可以看到头文件上的结构定义开始起作用,但它让我得到了几行错误undefined reference to 'myWorld'
。所以,我尝试在所有cpp文件中包含World myWorld
(大多数每个cpp文件包含一个函数),最后我可以编译该程序。
但是,程序运行不正常 - 变量未正确存储,并且没有一个计算是正确的。
我的意思是,我没想到这个过程会非常痛苦,给我带来了许多令人头痛的问题。
请告知:(
答案 0 :(得分:1)
问题是,正如编译器指出的那样,变量多重声明。在头文件中,您只需要定义类型和宏,而不是变量(外部声明除外)。
在您的情况下,您定义了{strong> var myObject = new MyObject {Grant_Type = "TypeA", Username = "Hello", Password = "World"};
var request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "/path/to/post/to")
{
Content = myObject.ToFormUrlEncodedContent()
};
var client = new HttpClient {BaseAddress = new Uri("http://www.mywebsite.com")};
var response = await client.SendAsync(request);
myWorld
类型的全局变量。
struct World
我想在你的实现文件(.cpp)中有类似的东西:
struct World {
int numCountries;
Country countries[MAXCOUNTRIES];
Country fastGrowing[THREE];
} myWorld;
发生的事情是cpp预处理器读取每个cpp文件,并在实际编译之前将文本#include "myheader.h"
...
World myWorld;
替换为该文件的完整内容。这意味着cpp编译器会为每个.cpp看到类似的内容:
#include "myheader.h"
现在你可以看到同一个变量的两个声明,就像de cpp compiler。
您需要删除其中一个声明,通常是标题的声明。
当包含相同文件{。}}的许多文件.cpp时,这是最糟糕的,所有这些文件都将定义一个具有相同名称的全局变量。
当您需要在多个.cpp文件中使用相同的全局变量时,可以在头文件中包含该变量的定义,但使用修饰符struct World {
int numCountries;
Country countries[MAXCOUNTRIES];
Country fastGrowing[THREE];
} myWorld;
...
World myWorld;
,如:
myheader.h
这将允许所有.cpp文件知道变量extern
的存在。并且变量的真正定义必须只在一个.cpp文件中,否则在链接阶段会出错。
答案 1 :(得分:0)
你的头文件中是否有包含警戒?它看起来像这样:
#ifndef LAB10_H
#define LAB10_H
// everything else goes in here
#endif /* LAB10_H */
“LAB10_H”可以是项目特有的任意文本,因此按照惯例,通常是大写的文件名,下划线代替点。
#ifndef LAB10_H
#define LAB10_H
#include <string>
extern void threeLargest(Country countries[], Country fastGrowing[]);
extern void readData(Country countries[]);
extern void negGrowth(Country countries[]);
const int MAXCOUNTRIES = 229;
const int THREE = 3;
struct Country {
std::string name; // avoiding "using namespace std;"
double pop1950;
double pop1970;
double pop1990;
double pop2010;
double pop2015;
double growthRate;
};
struct World {
int numCountries;
Country countries[MAXCOUNTRIES];
Country fastGrowing[THREE];
} myWorld;
#endif /* LAB10_H *
答案 2 :(得分:0)
除了删除&#34; myWorld&#34;的第一个答案。从结构的末尾添加&#34; extern World myWorld&#34;,你需要在&#34; one&#34;中创建myWorld对象。您的cpp文件包含&#34; World myWorld&#34;。
以下是流程: