如何使用透明背景制作OpenGL渲染上下文？

Question

渲染上下文通常在背景上有纯色（黑色或其他，见下图）：

我想知道是否可以设置一个窗口，没有装饰和透明背景，同时允许我在其上渲染OpenGL内容。

这会让人觉得三角形漂浮在屏幕上。透明背景应该允许您查看可能位于其后面的桌面或其他应用程序。

请举例说明源代码？

平台：Windows（仅限win32）

Answer 1

在一个不成功的赏金上获得一些声誉以获得一些帮助之后，我终于意识到我感兴趣的问题有多复杂。

完成此任务的少数人don't share much。在我的研究过程中，我找到了不同的方法来实现我的目标。其中一个最有趣的是 AeroGL ，它显示snippets of code使用到目前为止未提及的技术，即将图形渲染为device-independent bitmap（DIB）。

要永久关闭此主题，源代码会实现该技术。代码本身是对here呈现的应用程序的轻微修改（非常感谢 Andrei Sapronov Y。）。

最终结果如下图所示：

该代码已在Windows XP（32位）和Windows 8.1（32位）上进行了测试。 享受！

#define _WIN32_WINNT 0x0500

#include <windows.h>
#include <windowsx.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glu.h>

#pragma comment (lib, "opengl32.lib")
#pragma comment (lib, "glu32.lib")

#include <assert.h>
#include <tchar.h>

#ifdef  assert
#define verify(expr) if(!expr) assert(0)
#else verify(expr) expr
#endif

const TCHAR szAppName[]=_T("TransparentGL");
const TCHAR wcWndName[]=_T("WS_EX_LAYERED OpenGL");

HDC hDC;            
HGLRC m_hrc;        
int w(240);
int h(240); 

HDC pdcDIB;                 
HBITMAP hbmpDIB;            
void *bmp_cnt(NULL);        
int cxDIB(0); 
int cyDIB(0);   
BITMAPINFOHEADER BIH;       


BOOL initSC()
{
    glEnable(GL_ALPHA_TEST);        
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);        
    glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);

    glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);          
    glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);            

    glEnable(GL_BLEND);             
    glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
    glClearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);

    return 0;
}

void resizeSC(int width,int height)
{
    glViewport(0,0,width,height);
    glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
    glLoadIdentity();

    glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW );
    glLoadIdentity();
}

BOOL renderSC()
{   
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT );

    glPushMatrix();

    glColor3f(0, 1, 1);
    glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);                              // Drawing Using Triangles
        glColor3f(1.0f,0.0f,0.0f);                      // Set The Color To Red
        glVertex3f( 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);                  // Top
        glColor3f(0.0f,1.0f,0.0f);                      // Set The Color To Green
        glVertex3f(-1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f);                  // Bottom Left
        glColor3f(0.0f,0.0f,1.0f);                      // Set The Color To Blue
        glVertex3f( 1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f);                  // Bottom Right
    glEnd();

    glPopMatrix();
    glFlush();

    return 0;
}

// DIB -> hDC
void draw(HDC pdcDest)
{
    assert(pdcDIB);

    verify(BitBlt(pdcDest, 0, 0, w, h, pdcDIB, 0, 0, SRCCOPY));
}

void CreateDIB(int cx, int cy)
{
    assert(cx > 0); 
    assert(cy > 0);

    cxDIB = cx ;
    cyDIB = cy ;

    int iSize = sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER);   
    memset(&BIH, 0, iSize);

    BIH.biSize = iSize;
    BIH.biWidth = cx;   
    BIH.biHeight = cy;  
    BIH.biPlanes = 1;   
    BIH.biBitCount = 24;    
    BIH.biCompression = BI_RGB;

    if(pdcDIB) 
        verify(DeleteDC(pdcDIB));

    pdcDIB = CreateCompatibleDC(NULL);
    assert(pdcDIB);

    if(hbmpDIB) 
        verify(DeleteObject(hbmpDIB));

    hbmpDIB = CreateDIBSection(
        pdcDIB,         
        (BITMAPINFO*)&BIH,  
        DIB_RGB_COLORS,     
        &bmp_cnt,       
        NULL,
        0);

    assert(hbmpDIB);
    assert(bmp_cnt);

    if(hbmpDIB)
        SelectObject(pdcDIB, hbmpDIB);
}

BOOL CreateHGLRC()
{
    DWORD dwFlags = PFD_SUPPORT_OPENGL | PFD_DRAW_TO_BITMAP;

    PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR pfd ;
    memset(&pfd,0, sizeof(PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR)) ;
    pfd.nSize = sizeof(PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR); 
    pfd.nVersion = 1;                       
    pfd.dwFlags =  dwFlags ;                
    pfd.iPixelType = PFD_TYPE_RGBA ;        
    pfd.cColorBits = 24 ;                   
    pfd.cDepthBits = 32 ;                   
    pfd.iLayerType = PFD_MAIN_PLANE ;       

   int PixelFormat = ChoosePixelFormat(pdcDIB, &pfd);
   if (PixelFormat == 0){
      assert(0);
      return FALSE ;
   }

   BOOL bResult = SetPixelFormat(pdcDIB, PixelFormat, &pfd);
   if (bResult==FALSE){
      assert(0);
      return FALSE ;
   }

   m_hrc = wglCreateContext(pdcDIB);
   if (!m_hrc){
      assert(0);
      return FALSE;
   }

   return TRUE;
}

LRESULT CALLBACK WindowFunc(HWND hWnd,UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
    PAINTSTRUCT ps;

    switch(msg) 
    {
        case WM_ERASEBKGND:
            return 0;
        break;

        case WM_CREATE:
        break;

        case WM_DESTROY:
            if(m_hrc)
            {
                wglMakeCurrent(NULL, NULL);
                wglDeleteContext(m_hrc) ;
            }
            PostQuitMessage(0) ;
        break;

        case WM_PAINT:
            hDC = BeginPaint(hWnd, &ps);
            renderSC(); // OpenGL -> DIB
            draw(hDC);  // DIB -> hDC
            EndPaint(hWnd, &ps);
        break;

        case WM_SIZE:
            w = LOWORD(lParam); h = HIWORD(lParam);         
            wglMakeCurrent(NULL, NULL);
            wglDeleteContext(m_hrc);

            CreateDIB(w, h);
            CreateHGLRC();
            verify(wglMakeCurrent(pdcDIB, m_hrc));

            initSC();
            resizeSC(w, h);
            renderSC();
        break;

        default: 
            return DefWindowProc(hWnd,msg,wParam,lParam);
    }

    return 0;
}

int WINAPI _tWinMain(HINSTANCE hThisInst, HINSTANCE hPrevInst, LPSTR str,int nWinMode)
{   
    WNDCLASSEX wc;
    memset(&wc, 0, sizeof(wc));
    wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
    wc.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
    wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
    wc.lpfnWndProc = (WNDPROC)WindowFunc;
    wc.cbClsExtra  = 0;
    wc.cbWndExtra  = 0;
    wc.hInstance = hThisInst;
    wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
    wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
    wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH) (COLOR_WINDOW);
    wc.lpszClassName = szAppName;

    if(!RegisterClassEx(&wc))
    {
        MessageBox(NULL, _T("RegisterClassEx - failed"), _T("Error"), MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
        return FALSE;
    }

    HWND hWnd = CreateWindowEx(WS_EX_LAYERED, szAppName, wcWndName,
                    WS_VISIBLE | WS_POPUP, 200, 150, w, h,
                    NULL, NULL, hThisInst, NULL);
    if(!hWnd){
        MessageBox(NULL, _T("CreateWindowEx - failed"), _T("Error"), MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
        return FALSE;
    }

    verify(SetLayeredWindowAttributes(hWnd, 0x0, 0, LWA_COLORKEY));

    MSG msg;
    while(1) 
    {
        while (PeekMessage(&msg,NULL,0,0,PM_NOREMOVE)){
            if (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
            {
                TranslateMessage(&msg);
                DispatchMessage(&msg);
            }
            else return 0;
        }
    } 

    return (FALSE); 
}

Answer 2

我知道Windows 7可以实现这一点，不确定早期版本。

要摆脱窗口边框，您需要从窗口中删除WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW样式并添加WS_POPUP样式：

DWORD style = ::GetWindowLong(hWnd, GWL_STYLE);
style &= ~WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW;
style |= WS_POPUP;
::SetWindowLong(hWnd, GWL_STYLE, style);

要使OpenGL窗口的背景透明，您需要使用DwmEnableBlurBehindWindow函数：

DWM_BLURBEHIND bb = {0};
bb.dwFlags = DWM_BB_ENABLE;
bb.fEnable = true;
bb.hRgnBlur = NULL;
DwmEnableBlurBehindWindow(hWnd, &bb);

调用glClearColor时，您还需要为alpha值指定0。

glClearColor(0.0f,0.0f,0.0f,0.0f);

此外，在创建OpenGL上下文时，请确保分配alpha通道。

现在你的背景应该是完全透明的。如果保留窗口装饰，则背景将使用Aero模糊外观，您可以使用glClearColor中的Alpha值调整透明度级别。

Answer 3

由于到目前为止给出的所有答案都只针对Windows，但是肯定还要求在X11上使用合成窗口管理器进行此操作，以供参考我在此处发布我的示例代码（也可以在https://github.com/datenwolf/codesamples/blob/master/samples/OpenGL/x11argb_opengl/x11argb_opengl.c <找到/ p>

/*------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * A demonstration of OpenGL in a  ARGB window 
 *    => support for composited window transparency
 *
 * (c) 2011 by Wolfgang 'datenwolf' Draxinger
 *     See me at comp.graphics.api.opengl and StackOverflow.com

 * License agreement: This source code is provided "as is". You
 * can use this source code however you want for your own personal
 * use. If you give this source code to anybody else then you must
 * leave this message in it.
 *
 * This program is based on the simplest possible 
 * Linux OpenGL program by FTB (see info below)

  The simplest possible Linux OpenGL program? Maybe...

  (c) 2002 by FTB. See me in comp.graphics.api.opengl

  --
  <\___/>
  / O O \
  \_____/  FTB.

------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>

#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glx.h>
#include <GL/glxext.h>
#include <X11/Xatom.h>
#include <X11/extensions/Xrender.h>
#include <X11/Xutil.h>

#define USE_CHOOSE_FBCONFIG

static void fatalError(const char *why)
{
    fprintf(stderr, "%s", why);
    exit(0x666);
}

static int Xscreen;
static Atom del_atom;
static Colormap cmap;
static Display *Xdisplay;
static XVisualInfo *visual;
static XRenderPictFormat *pict_format;
static GLXFBConfig *fbconfigs, fbconfig;
static int numfbconfigs;
static GLXContext render_context;
static Window Xroot, window_handle;
static GLXWindow glX_window_handle;
static int width, height;

static int VisData[] = {
GLX_RENDER_TYPE, GLX_RGBA_BIT,
GLX_DRAWABLE_TYPE, GLX_WINDOW_BIT,
GLX_DOUBLEBUFFER, True,
GLX_RED_SIZE, 8,
GLX_GREEN_SIZE, 8,
GLX_BLUE_SIZE, 8,
GLX_ALPHA_SIZE, 8,
GLX_DEPTH_SIZE, 16,
None
};

static int isExtensionSupported(const char *extList, const char *extension)
{

  const char *start;
  const char *where, *terminator;

  /* Extension names should not have spaces. */
  where = strchr(extension, ' ');
  if ( where || *extension == '\0' )
    return 0;

  /* It takes a bit of care to be fool-proof about parsing the
     OpenGL extensions string. Don't be fooled by sub-strings,
     etc. */
  for ( start = extList; ; ) {
    where = strstr( start, extension );

    if ( !where )
      break;

    terminator = where + strlen( extension );

    if ( where == start || *(where - 1) == ' ' )
      if ( *terminator == ' ' || *terminator == '\0' )
        return 1;

    start = terminator;
  }
  return 0;
}

static Bool WaitForMapNotify(Display *d, XEvent *e, char *arg)
{    
    return d && e && arg && (e->type == MapNotify) && (e->xmap.window == *(Window*)arg);
}

static void describe_fbconfig(GLXFBConfig fbconfig)
{
    int doublebuffer;
    int red_bits, green_bits, blue_bits, alpha_bits, depth_bits;

    glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_DOUBLEBUFFER, &doublebuffer);
    glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_RED_SIZE, &red_bits);
    glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_GREEN_SIZE, &green_bits);
    glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_BLUE_SIZE, &blue_bits);
    glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_ALPHA_SIZE, &alpha_bits);
    glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_DEPTH_SIZE, &depth_bits);

    fprintf(stderr, "FBConfig selected:\n"
        "Doublebuffer: %s\n"
        "Red Bits: %d, Green Bits: %d, Blue Bits: %d, Alpha Bits: %d, Depth Bits: %d\n",
        doublebuffer == True ? "Yes" : "No", 
        red_bits, green_bits, blue_bits, alpha_bits, depth_bits);
}

static void createTheWindow()
{
    XEvent event;
    int x,y, attr_mask;
    XSizeHints hints;
    XWMHints *startup_state;
    XTextProperty textprop;
    XSetWindowAttributes attr = {0,};
    static char *title = "FTB's little OpenGL example - ARGB extension by WXD";

    Xdisplay = XOpenDisplay(NULL);
    if (!Xdisplay) {
        fatalError("Couldn't connect to X server\n");
    }
    Xscreen = DefaultScreen(Xdisplay);
    Xroot = RootWindow(Xdisplay, Xscreen);

    fbconfigs = glXChooseFBConfig(Xdisplay, Xscreen, VisData, &numfbconfigs);
    fbconfig = 0;
    for(int i = 0; i<numfbconfigs; i++) {
        visual = (XVisualInfo*) glXGetVisualFromFBConfig(Xdisplay, fbconfigs[i]);
        if(!visual)
            continue;

        pict_format = XRenderFindVisualFormat(Xdisplay, visual->visual);
        if(!pict_format)
            continue;

        fbconfig = fbconfigs[i];
        if(pict_format->direct.alphaMask > 0) {
            break;
        }
    }

    if(!fbconfig) {
        fatalError("No matching FB config found");
    }

    describe_fbconfig(fbconfig);

    /* Create a colormap - only needed on some X clients, eg. IRIX */
    cmap = XCreateColormap(Xdisplay, Xroot, visual->visual, AllocNone);

    attr.colormap = cmap;
    attr.background_pixmap = None;
    attr.border_pixmap = None;
    attr.border_pixel = 0;
    attr.event_mask =
        StructureNotifyMask |
        EnterWindowMask |
        LeaveWindowMask |
        ExposureMask |
        ButtonPressMask |
        ButtonReleaseMask |
        OwnerGrabButtonMask |
        KeyPressMask |
        KeyReleaseMask;

    attr_mask = 
        CWBackPixmap|
        CWColormap|
        CWBorderPixel|
        CWEventMask;

    width = DisplayWidth(Xdisplay, DefaultScreen(Xdisplay))/2;
    height = DisplayHeight(Xdisplay, DefaultScreen(Xdisplay))/2;
    x=width/2, y=height/2;

    window_handle = XCreateWindow(  Xdisplay,
                    Xroot,
                    x, y, width, height,
                    0,
                    visual->depth,
                    InputOutput,
                    visual->visual,
                    attr_mask, &attr);

    if( !window_handle ) {
        fatalError("Couldn't create the window\n");
    }

#if USE_GLX_CREATE_WINDOW
    int glXattr[] = { None };
    glX_window_handle = glXCreateWindow(Xdisplay, fbconfig, window_handle, glXattr);
    if( !glX_window_handle ) {
        fatalError("Couldn't create the GLX window\n");
    }
#else
    glX_window_handle = window_handle;
#endif

    textprop.value = (unsigned char*)title;
    textprop.encoding = XA_STRING;
    textprop.format = 8;
    textprop.nitems = strlen(title);

    hints.x = x;
    hints.y = y;
    hints.width = width;
    hints.height = height;
    hints.flags = USPosition|USSize;

    startup_state = XAllocWMHints();
    startup_state->initial_state = NormalState;
    startup_state->flags = StateHint;

    XSetWMProperties(Xdisplay, window_handle,&textprop, &textprop,
            NULL, 0,
            &hints,
            startup_state,
            NULL);

    XFree(startup_state);

    XMapWindow(Xdisplay, window_handle);
    XIfEvent(Xdisplay, &event, WaitForMapNotify, (char*)&window_handle);

    if ((del_atom = XInternAtom(Xdisplay, "WM_DELETE_WINDOW", 0)) != None) {
        XSetWMProtocols(Xdisplay, window_handle, &del_atom, 1);
    }
}

static int ctxErrorHandler( Display *dpy, XErrorEvent *ev )
{
    fputs("Error at context creation", stderr);
    return 0;
}

static void createTheRenderContext()
{
    int dummy;
    if (!glXQueryExtension(Xdisplay, &dummy, &dummy)) {
        fatalError("OpenGL not supported by X server\n");
    }

#if USE_GLX_CREATE_CONTEXT_ATTRIB
    #define GLX_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION_ARB       0x2091
    #define GLX_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION_ARB       0x2092
    render_context = NULL;
    if( isExtensionSupported( glXQueryExtensionsString(Xdisplay, DefaultScreen(Xdisplay)), "GLX_ARB_create_context" ) ) {
        typedef GLXContext (*glXCreateContextAttribsARBProc)(Display*, GLXFBConfig, GLXContext, Bool, const int*);
        glXCreateContextAttribsARBProc glXCreateContextAttribsARB = (glXCreateContextAttribsARBProc)glXGetProcAddressARB( (const GLubyte *) "glXCreateContextAttribsARB" );
        if( glXCreateContextAttribsARB ) {
            int context_attribs[] =
            {
                GLX_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION_ARB, 3,
                GLX_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION_ARB, 0,
                //GLX_CONTEXT_FLAGS_ARB        , GLX_CONTEXT_FORWARD_COMPATIBLE_BIT_ARB,
                None
            };

            int (*oldHandler)(Display*, XErrorEvent*) = XSetErrorHandler(&ctxErrorHandler);

            render_context = glXCreateContextAttribsARB( Xdisplay, fbconfig, 0, True, context_attribs );

            XSync( Xdisplay, False );
            XSetErrorHandler( oldHandler );

            fputs("glXCreateContextAttribsARB failed", stderr);
        } else {
            fputs("glXCreateContextAttribsARB could not be retrieved", stderr);
        }
    } else {
            fputs("glXCreateContextAttribsARB not supported", stderr);
    }

    if(!render_context)
    {
#else
    {
#endif
        render_context = glXCreateNewContext(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_RGBA_TYPE, 0, True);
        if (!render_context) {
            fatalError("Failed to create a GL context\n");
        }
    }

    if (!glXMakeContextCurrent(Xdisplay, glX_window_handle, glX_window_handle, render_context)) {
        fatalError("glXMakeCurrent failed for window\n");
    }
}

static int updateTheMessageQueue()
{
    XEvent event;
    XConfigureEvent *xc;

    while (XPending(Xdisplay))
    {
        XNextEvent(Xdisplay, &event);
        switch (event.type)
        {
        case ClientMessage:
            if (event.xclient.data.l[0] == del_atom)
            {
                return 0;
            }
        break;

        case ConfigureNotify:
            xc = &(event.xconfigure);
            width = xc->width;
            height = xc->height;
            break;
        }
    }
    return 1;
}

/*  6----7
   /|   /|
  3----2 |
  | 5--|-4
  |/   |/
  0----1

*/

GLfloat cube_vertices[][8] =  {
    /*  X     Y     Z   Nx   Ny   Nz    S    T */
    {-1.0, -1.0,  1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0}, // 0
    { 1.0, -1.0,  1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0}, // 1
    { 1.0,  1.0,  1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0}, // 2
    {-1.0,  1.0,  1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, // 3

    { 1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0}, // 4
    {-1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 1.0, 0.0}, // 5
    {-1.0,  1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0}, // 6
    { 1.0,  1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, // 7

    {-1.0, -1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0}, // 5
    {-1.0, -1.0,  1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, // 0
    {-1.0,  1.0,  1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0}, // 3
    {-1.0,  1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, // 6

    { 1.0, -1.0,  1.0,  1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0}, // 1
    { 1.0, -1.0, -1.0,  1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, // 4
    { 1.0,  1.0, -1.0,  1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0}, // 7
    { 1.0,  1.0,  1.0,  1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, // 2

    {-1.0, -1.0, -1.0,  0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0}, // 5
    { 1.0, -1.0, -1.0,  0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, // 4
    { 1.0, -1.0,  1.0,  0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0}, // 1
    {-1.0, -1.0,  1.0,  0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, // 0

    {-1.0, 1.0,  1.0,  0.0,  1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0}, // 3
    { 1.0, 1.0,  1.0,  0.0,  1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, // 2
    { 1.0, 1.0, -1.0,  0.0,  1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0}, // 7
    {-1.0, 1.0, -1.0,  0.0,  1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, // 6
};

static void draw_cube(void)
{
    glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
    glEnableClientState(GL_NORMAL_ARRAY);
    glEnableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY);

    glVertexPointer(3, GL_FLOAT, sizeof(GLfloat) * 8, &cube_vertices[0][0]);
    glNormalPointer(GL_FLOAT, sizeof(GLfloat) * 8, &cube_vertices[0][3]);
    glTexCoordPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, sizeof(GLfloat) * 8, &cube_vertices[0][6]);

    glDrawArrays(GL_QUADS, 0, 24);
}

float const light0_dir[]={0,1,0,0};
float const light0_color[]={78./255., 80./255., 184./255.,1};

float const light1_dir[]={-1,1,1,0};
float const light1_color[]={255./255., 220./255., 97./255.,1};

float const light2_dir[]={0,-1,0,0};
float const light2_color[]={31./255., 75./255., 16./255.,1};

static void redrawTheWindow()
{
    float const aspect = (float)width / (float)height;

    static float a=0;
    static float b=0;
    static float c=0;

    glDrawBuffer(GL_BACK);

    glViewport(0, 0, width, height);

    // Clear with alpha = 0.0, i.e. full transparency
        glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

    glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
    glLoadIdentity();
    glFrustum(-aspect, aspect, -1, 1, 2.5, 10);

    glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
    glLoadIdentity();

    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
    glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);

    glEnable(GL_BLEND);
    glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);

    glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, light0_dir);
    glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, light0_color);

    glLightfv(GL_LIGHT1, GL_POSITION, light1_dir);
    glLightfv(GL_LIGHT1, GL_DIFFUSE, light1_color);

    glLightfv(GL_LIGHT2, GL_POSITION, light2_dir);
    glLightfv(GL_LIGHT2, GL_DIFFUSE, light2_color);

    glTranslatef(0., 0., -5.);

    glRotatef(a, 1, 0, 0);
    glRotatef(b, 0, 1, 0);
    glRotatef(c, 0, 0, 1);

    glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
    glEnable(GL_LIGHT1);
    glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);

    glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);
    glColorMaterial(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE);

    glColor4f(1., 1., 1., 0.5);

    glCullFace(GL_FRONT);
    draw_cube();
    glCullFace(GL_BACK);
    draw_cube();

    a = fmod(a+0.1, 360.);
    b = fmod(b+0.5, 360.);
    c = fmod(c+0.25, 360.);

    glXSwapBuffers(Xdisplay, glX_window_handle);
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    createTheWindow();
    createTheRenderContext();

    while (updateTheMessageQueue()) {
        redrawTheWindow();
    }

    return 0;
}

主要技巧是获得正确的FBConfig。您需要要求Alpha通道和测试关联的XRenderPictFormat是否存在alpha蒙版。

Answer 4

这是一个老问题，但是由于新版本的Windows具有合成和支持，正如datenwolf提示的那样，对于opengl，我们可以使用一些特殊的酱来实现这一目标。虽然DirectX也很简单（如图......）但微软确实为opengl上下文添加了合成提示。是的反信任恐惧！

因此，我们可以让合成引擎了解如何使用opengl上下文，而不是低效的复制到物理内存操作。

因此，您必须使用pixelformat创建一个opengl上下文，该pixelformat指定一个alpha通道并且它应该使用合成（第82行）。然后，使用DwmApi.h例程启用模糊窗口（第179行），指定完全无效的区域，这将使任何内容都不模糊并使窗口保持透明。 （你需要在窗口类上指定一个黑色+透明刷！奇怪！）然后，你实际上只是习惯使用opengl。在事件循环中，每获得一次机会，您只需绘制并交换缓冲区（第201行）并记住启用GL_BLEND！ ：）

请查看/ fork https://gist.github.com/3644466或者只是根据OP自己的答案查看以下代码片段（您可以在空项目中填写）：

#define _WIN32_WINNT 0x0500

#include <windows.h>
#include <windowsx.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glu.h>

#include <dwmapi.h>

#pragma comment (lib, "opengl32.lib")
#pragma comment (lib, "glu32.lib")

#pragma comment (lib, "dwmapi.lib")

#include <assert.h>
#include <tchar.h>

#ifdef  assert
#define verify(expr) if(!expr) assert(0)
#else verify(expr) expr
#endif

const TCHAR szAppName[]=_T("TransparentGL");
const TCHAR wcWndName[]=_T("TransparentGL");

HDC hDC;            
HGLRC m_hrc;        
int w = 240;
int h = 240;

BOOL initSC() {
    glEnable(GL_ALPHA_TEST);        
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);        
    glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);

    glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);          
    glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);            

    glEnable(GL_BLEND);             
    glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
    glClearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);

    return 0;
}

void resizeSC(int width,int height) {
    glViewport(0,0,width,height);
    glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
    glLoadIdentity();

    glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW );
    glLoadIdentity();
}

BOOL renderSC() {
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT );

    glPushMatrix();

    glColor3f(0, 1, 1);
    glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);                              // Drawing Using Triangles
        glColor3f(1.0f,0.0f,0.0f);                      // Set The Color To Red
        glVertex3f( 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);                  // Top
        glColor3f(0.0f,1.0f,0.0f);                      // Set The Color To Green
        glVertex3f(-1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f);                  // Bottom Left
        glColor3f(0.0f,0.0f,1.0f);                      // Set The Color To Blue
        glVertex3f( 1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f);                  // Bottom Right
    glEnd();

    glPopMatrix();
    glFlush();

    return 0;
}

BOOL CreateHGLRC(HWND hWnd) {
    PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR pfd = {
      sizeof(PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR),
      1,                                // Version Number
      PFD_DRAW_TO_WINDOW      |         // Format Must Support Window
      PFD_SUPPORT_OPENGL      |         // Format Must Support OpenGL
      PFD_SUPPORT_COMPOSITION |         // Format Must Support Composition
      PFD_DOUBLEBUFFER,                 // Must Support Double Buffering
      PFD_TYPE_RGBA,                    // Request An RGBA Format
      32,                               // Select Our Color Depth
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,                 // Color Bits Ignored
      8,                                // An Alpha Buffer
      0,                                // Shift Bit Ignored
      0,                                // No Accumulation Buffer
      0, 0, 0, 0,                       // Accumulation Bits Ignored
      24,                               // 16Bit Z-Buffer (Depth Buffer)
      8,                                // Some Stencil Buffer
      0,                                // No Auxiliary Buffer
      PFD_MAIN_PLANE,                   // Main Drawing Layer
      0,                                // Reserved
      0, 0, 0                           // Layer Masks Ignored
   };     

   HDC hdc = GetDC(hWnd);
   int PixelFormat = ChoosePixelFormat(hdc, &pfd);
   if (PixelFormat == 0) {
      assert(0);
      return FALSE ;
   }

   BOOL bResult = SetPixelFormat(hdc, PixelFormat, &pfd);
   if (bResult==FALSE) {
      assert(0);
      return FALSE ;
   }

   m_hrc = wglCreateContext(hdc);
   if (!m_hrc){
      assert(0);
      return FALSE;
   }

   ReleaseDC(hWnd, hdc);

   return TRUE;
}

LRESULT CALLBACK WindowFunc(HWND hWnd,UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
    PAINTSTRUCT ps;

    switch(msg) {
        case WM_CREATE:
        break;

        case WM_DESTROY:
            if(m_hrc) {
                wglMakeCurrent(NULL, NULL);
                wglDeleteContext(m_hrc) ;
            }
            PostQuitMessage(0) ;
        break;

        default: 
            return DefWindowProc(hWnd,msg,wParam,lParam);
    }

    return 0;
}

int WINAPI _tWinMain(HINSTANCE hThisInst, HINSTANCE hPrevInst, LPSTR str,int nWinMode) {
    WNDCLASSEX wc;
    memset(&wc, 0, sizeof(wc));
    wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
    wc.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
    wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
    wc.lpfnWndProc = (WNDPROC)WindowFunc;
    wc.cbClsExtra  = 0;
    wc.cbWndExtra  = 0;
    wc.hInstance = hThisInst;
    wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
    wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
    wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)CreateSolidBrush(0x00000000);
    wc.lpszClassName = szAppName;

    if(!RegisterClassEx(&wc)) {
        MessageBox(NULL, _T("RegisterClassEx - failed"), _T("Error"), MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
        return FALSE;
    }

    HWND hWnd = CreateWindowEx(WS_EX_APPWINDOW, szAppName, wcWndName,
                    WS_VISIBLE | WS_POPUP, 200, 150, w, h,
                    NULL, NULL, hThisInst, NULL);

    if(!hWnd) {
        MessageBox(NULL, _T("CreateWindowEx - failed"), _T("Error"), MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
        return FALSE;
    }

    DWM_BLURBEHIND bb = {0};
    HRGN hRgn = CreateRectRgn(0, 0, -1, -1);
    bb.dwFlags = DWM_BB_ENABLE | DWM_BB_BLURREGION;
    bb.hRgnBlur = hRgn;
    bb.fEnable = TRUE;
    DwmEnableBlurBehindWindow(hWnd, &bb);

    CreateHGLRC(hWnd);

    HDC hdc = GetDC(hWnd);
    wglMakeCurrent(hdc, m_hrc);
    initSC();
    resizeSC(w, h);
    ReleaseDC(hWnd, hdc);

    MSG msg;  
    while(1) {
        if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)) {
            TranslateMessage(&msg);
            DispatchMessage(&msg);
        }
        else {
            HDC hdc = GetDC(hWnd);
            wglMakeCurrent(hdc, m_hrc);

            renderSC();

            SwapBuffers(hdc);
            ReleaseDC(hWnd, hdc);
        }
    } 

    return (FALSE); 
}

Answer 5

如果允许OpenGL窗口分层，这将非常容易。但他们不是，所以你必须去寻找别的东西。

你可以做的是创建一个分层窗口（WS_EX_LAYERED + SetLayeredWindowAttributes（） - Google，如果你不知道它们）来处理透明度，以及一个隐藏的OpenGL窗口用于渲染。将OpenGL场景渲染到屏幕外缓冲区，读回并与分层窗口共享，然后将bitblt（GDI函数）渲染到分层窗口。

这对于非常复杂的东西来说可能太慢了，但会给你你想要的效果，并且可以在Windows 2000及更高版本上工作。

编辑：当涉及到创建实际的屏幕外缓冲区时，帧缓冲对象（FBO）可能是你最好的选择。你可以在隐藏的OpenGL窗口上画画，虽然我想我记得有人发布过关于遇到麻烦的事情，因为像素所有权 - 建议使用FBO。您也可以使用像素缓冲区（pbuffers），但这些都是过时的（标记为“遗留”），FBO被认为是实现此目的的现代方式。 FBO应该为您提供硬件加速（如果支持），并且本身不会限制您使用特定的OpenGL版本。你需要一个OpenGL上下文来使用它，所以你必须创建那个隐藏的OpenGL窗口并从那里设置FBO。

以下是FBO的一些资源：
Wikipedia
FBO
Gamedev article
Guide（对于Mac，但可能会有所帮助）

Answer 6

一系列精彩的演示，其中包含逐步引导您的演示文稿：

http://www.dhpoware.com/demos/index.html

Answer 7

您可以使用颜色键将3d场景渲染为pbuffer并将其blit到屏幕。

Answer 8

ClanLib游戏SDK可以做到这一点。

如果您只需要静态透明边框，请使用以下技巧：

创建5个窗口

AAAAA

乙###ç

乙###ç

DDDDD

A，B，C，D是分层窗口

“＃”是主窗口。

查看 - http://clanlib.org/wiki/ClanLib_2.2.9_Release_Notes

底部的图片

Answer 9

我知道这很旧，但是我试图将Xlib解决方案移植到Gtk +。经过大量研究，我终于做到了，所以我真的很想在这里与需要的人分享。

 db.demo2.aggregate([
 {$match: {"_id": ObjectId("5eacbb21936a0e07e8aa8f7e") }},{$unwind:"$users"},
 {$sort: { "users.number": -1 }},   
 {"$group" : {_id:"$_id",
    users:{ $push: "$users" }}
 }
])

用#include <gtk/gtk.h> #include <gdk/gdkscreen.h> #include <gdk/gdkkeysyms.h> #include <gtk/gtkgl.h> #include <GL/gl.h> #include <GL/glu.h> static gboolean supports_alpha = FALSE; /*** *** Configure the OpenGL framebuffer. ***/ static GdkGLConfig* configure_gl(void) { GdkGLConfig* glconfig; /* Try double-buffered visual */ glconfig = gdk_gl_config_new_by_mode(GDK_GL_MODE_RGBA | GDK_GL_MODE_ALPHA | GDK_GL_MODE_DEPTH | GDK_GL_MODE_DOUBLE); if (glconfig == NULL) { printf("Cannot find the double-buffered visual.\n"); printf("No appropriate OpenGL-capable visual found.\n"); exit(1); } printf("Find GLConfig with alpha channel.\n"); return glconfig; } static void screen_changed(GtkWidget* widget, GdkScreen* old_screen, gpointer userdata) { /* To check if the display supports alpha channels, get the colormap */ GdkScreen* screen = gtk_widget_get_screen(widget); GdkColormap* colormap = gdk_screen_get_rgba_colormap(screen); if (!colormap) { printf("Your screen does not support alpha channels!\n"); colormap = gdk_screen_get_rgb_colormap(screen); supports_alpha = FALSE; } else { printf("Your screen supports alpha channels!\n"); supports_alpha = TRUE; } gtk_widget_set_colormap(widget, colormap); } static gboolean expose(GtkWidget* widget, GdkEventExpose* event, gpointer userdata) { GdkGLContext* glcontext = gtk_widget_get_gl_context(widget); GdkGLDrawable* gldrawable = gtk_widget_get_gl_drawable(widget); if (!gdk_gl_drawable_gl_begin(gldrawable, glcontext)) { return FALSE; } glDrawBuffer(GL_BACK); glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0); glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); glBegin(GL_QUADS); glColor4f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f); glVertex3f(-0.5f, -0.5f, 0); glVertex3f(+0.5f, -0.5f, 0); glVertex3f(+0.5f, +0.5f, 0); glVertex3f(-0.5f, +0.5f, 0); glEnd(); gdk_gl_drawable_swap_buffers(gldrawable); gdk_gl_drawable_gl_end(gldrawable); return TRUE; } int main(int argc, char** argv) { gtk_init(&argc, &argv); GtkWidget* window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL); /* Added to config GLConfig */ GdkGLConfig* glconfig = configure_gl(); gtk_widget_set_gl_capability(window, glconfig, NULL, TRUE, GDK_GL_RGBA_TYPE); gtk_window_set_position(GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER); gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(window), 400, 400); gtk_window_set_title(GTK_WINDOW(window), "Alpha Demo"); g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "delete-event", gtk_main_quit, NULL); gtk_widget_set_app_paintable(window, TRUE); g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "expose-event", G_CALLBACK(expose), NULL); g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "screen-changed", G_CALLBACK(screen_changed), NULL); screen_changed(window, NULL, NULL); gtk_widget_show_all(window); gtk_main(); return 0; } 编译。在Ubuntu 18.04上进行了测试（除了gtk，您还需要安装gcc main.c -o main `pkg-config --libs --cflags gtk+-2.0 gtkglext-1.0`）。

编辑

我将呈现代码从简单的libgtkglext1-dev更改为矩形。

该代码是this question和this question的修改版本。