我想在我的tkinter窗口上制作一些简单的OpenGL动画。我不想包含任何不必要的依赖项，所以我用ctypes从头开始编写所有东西。到目前为止，我有这个：
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import tkinter
import ctypes
from ctypes import cdll
GLX_PIXMAP_BIT = 0x00000002
GLX_WINDOW_BIT = 0x00000001
GLX_PBUFFER_BIT = 0x00000004
GLX_RGBA_BIT = 0x00000001
GLX_COLOR_INDEX_BIT = 0x00000002
GLX_PBUFFER_CLOBBER_MASK = 0x08000000
GLX_FRONT_LEFT_BUFFER_BIT = 0x00000001
GLX_FRONT_RIGHT_BUFFER_BIT = 0x00000002
GLX_BACK_LEFT_BUFFER_BIT = 0x00000004
GLX_BACK_RIGHT_BUFFER_BIT = 0x00000008
GLX_AUX_BUFFERS_BIT = 0x00000010
GLX_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT = 0x00000020
GLX_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT = 0x00000040
GLX_ACCUM_BUFFER_BIT = 0x00000080
GLX_CONFIG_CAVEAT = 0x20
GLX_X_VISUAL_TYPE = 0x22
GLX_TRANSPARENT_TYPE = 0x23
GLX_TRANSPARENT_INDEX_VALUE = 0x24
GLX_TRANSPARENT_RED_VALUE = 0x25
GLX_TRANSPARENT_GREEN_VALUE = 0x26
GLX_TRANSPARENT_BLUE_VALUE = 0x27
GLX_TRANSPARENT_ALPHA_VALUE = 0x28
GLX_DONT_CARE = 0xFFFFFFFF
GLX_NONE = 0x8000
GLX_SLOW_CONFIG = 0x8001
GLX_TRUE_COLOR = 0x8002
GLX_DIRECT_COLOR = 0x8003
GLX_PSEUDO_COLOR = 0x8004
GLX_STATIC_COLOR = 0x8005
GLX_GRAY_SCALE = 0x8006
GLX_STATIC_GRAY = 0x8007
GLX_TRANSPARENT_RGB = 0x8008
GLX_TRANSPARENT_INDEX = 0x8009
GLX_VISUAL_ID = 0x800B
GLX_SCREEN = 0x800C
GLX_NON_CONFORMANT_CONFIG = 0x800D
GLX_DRAWABLE_TYPE = 0x8010
GLX_RENDER_TYPE = 0x8011
GLX_X_RENDERABLE = 0x8012
GLX_FBCONFIG_ID = 0x8013
GLX_RGBA_TYPE = 0x8014
GLX_COLOR_INDEX_TYPE = 0x8015
GLX_MAX_PBUFFER_WIDTH = 0x8016
GLX_MAX_PBUFFER_HEIGHT = 0x8017
GLX_MAX_PBUFFER_PIXELS = 0x8018
GLX_PRESERVED_CONTENTS = 0x801B
GLX_LARGEST_PBUFFER = 0x801C
GLX_WIDTH = 0x801D
GLX_HEIGHT = 0x801E
GLX_EVENT_MASK = 0x801F
GLX_DAMAGED = 0x8020
GLX_SAVED = 0x8021
GLX_WINDOW = 0x8022
GLX_PBUFFER = 0x8023
GLX_PBUFFER_HEIGHT = 0x8040
GLX_PBUFFER_WIDTH = 0x8041
GLX_ACCUM_ALPHA_SIZE = 17
GLX_ACCUM_BLUE_SIZE = 16
GLX_ACCUM_GREEN_SIZE = 15
GLX_ACCUM_RED_SIZE = 14
GLX_ALPHA_SIZE = 11
GLX_AUX_BUFFERS = 7
GLX_BAD_ATTRIBUTE = 2
GLX_BAD_CONTEXT = 5
GLX_BAD_ENUM = 7
GLX_BAD_SCREEN = 1
GLX_BAD_VALUE = 6
GLX_BAD_VISUAL = 4
GLX_BLUE_SIZE = 10
GLX_BUFFER_SIZE = 2
GLX_BufferSwapComplete = 1
GLX_DEPTH_SIZE = 12
GLX_DOUBLEBUFFER = 5
GLX_GREEN_SIZE = 9
GLX_LEVEL = 3
GLX_NO_EXTENSION = 3
GLX_PbufferClobber = 0
GLX_RED_SIZE = 8
GLX_RGBA = 4
GLX_STENCIL_SIZE = 13
GLX_STEREO = 6
GLX_USE_GL = 1
class OpenGLView(tkinter.Frame):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self._x_window_id = self.winfo_id()
self._init_gl()
def _init_gl(self):
self._xlib = cdll.LoadLibrary('libX11.so')
self._gl = cdll.LoadLibrary('libGL.so')
self._glx = cdll.LoadLibrary('libGLU.so')
self._x_display = self._xlib.XOpenDisplay()
elements = [
GLX_X_RENDERABLE, 1,
GLX_DRAWABLE_TYPE, GLX_WINDOW_BIT,
GLX_RENDER_TYPE, GLX_RGBA_BIT,
GLX_X_VISUAL_TYPE, GLX_TRUE_COLOR,
GLX_DOUBLEBUFFER, 1,
GLX_RED_SIZE, 8,
GLX_GREEN_SIZE, 8,
GLX_BLUE_SIZE, 8,
GLX_ALPHA_SIZE, 8,
GLX_DEPTH_SIZE, 24,
GLX_STENCIL_SIZE, 8,
0
]
elements = (ctypes.c_int * len(elements))(*elements)
gl_configs = self._glx.glXChooseFBConfig(self._x_display, 0, ctypes.byref(elements), ctypes.sizeof(elements))
context = self._glx.glXCreateNewContext(self._x_display, gl_configs[0], self._glx.GLX_RGBA_TYPE, None, True)
self._glx.glXMakeContextCurrent(self._x_display, self._x_window_id, self._x_window_id, context)
tk = tkinter.Tk()
v = OpenGLView(tk)
v.pack(fill=tkinter.BOTH, expand=True)
tk.mainloop()
为什么这段代码会产生此错误？
libGL error: No matching fbConfigs or visuals found
libGL error: failed to load driver: swrast
Segmentation fault (core dumped)
答案 0 :(得分：1)
我目前没有手头的Linux发行版来测试它，但是这个mcve呢？
from ctypes import c_char_p, c_void_p, cdll
from ctypes import c_bool, c_char_p, c_double, c_float, c_int, c_uint, c_ulong, c_void_p, POINTER
from tkinter import Tk, YES, BOTH
_xlib = cdll.LoadLibrary('libX11.so')
_gl = cdll.LoadLibrary('libGL.so')
# Data types for Linux Platform
XID = c_ulong
GLXDrawable = XID
# Data types for OpenGL
GLbitfield = c_uint
GLubyte = c_char_p
GLclampf = c_float
GLclampd = c_double
GLdouble = c_double
GLenum = c_uint
GLfloat = c_float
GLint = c_int
GL_BLEND = 0x0BE2
GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT = 0x00004000
GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT = 0x00000100
GL_DEPTH_TEST = 0x0B71
GL_MODELVIEW = 0x1700
GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA = 0x0303
GL_PROJECTION = 0x1701
GL_QUADS = 0x0007
GL_RENDERER = 0x1F01
GL_SRC_ALPHA = 0x0302
GL_VENDOR = 0x1F00
GL_VERSION = 0x1F02
GL_TRUE = 1
# Constants for Linux Platform
PGLint = GLint * 11
GLX_RGBA = 4
GLX_RED_SIZE = 8
GLX_GREEN_SIZE = 9
GLX_BLUE_SIZE = 10
GLX_DEPTH_SIZE = 12
GLX_DOUBLEBUFFER = 5
# OpenGL Function Definitions
glBegin = _gl.glBegin
glBegin.restype = None
glBegin.argtypes = [GLenum]
glClear = _gl.glClear
glClear.restype = None
glClear.argtypes = [GLbitfield]
glBlendFunc = _gl.glBlendFunc
glBlendFunc.restype = None
glBlendFunc.argtypes = [GLenum, GLenum]
glClearColor = _gl.glClearColor
glClearColor.restype = None
glClearColor.argtypes = [GLclampf, GLclampf, GLclampf, GLclampf]
glClearDepth = _gl.glClearDepth
glClearDepth.restype = None
glClearDepth.argtypes = [GLclampd]
glColor3f = _gl.glColor3f
glColor3f.restype = None
glColor3f.argtypes = [GLfloat, GLfloat, GLfloat]
glEnable = _gl.glEnable
glEnable.restype = None
glEnable.argtypes = [GLenum]
glEnd = _gl.glEnd
glEnd.restype = None
glEnd.argtypes = None
glFlush = _gl.glFlush
glFlush.restype = None
glFlush.argtypes = None
glGetString = _gl.glGetString
glGetString.restype = GLubyte
glGetString.argtypes = [GLenum]
glLoadIdentity = _gl.glLoadIdentity
glLoadIdentity.restype = None
glLoadIdentity.argtypes = None
glMatrixMode = _gl.glMatrixMode
glMatrixMode.restype = None
glMatrixMode.argtypes = None
glOrtho = _gl.glOrtho
glOrtho.restype = None
glOrtho.argtypes = [GLdouble, GLdouble, GLdouble, GLdouble, GLdouble, GLdouble]
glRotatef = _gl.glRotatef
glRotatef.restype = None
glRotatef.argtypes = [GLfloat, GLfloat, GLfloat, GLfloat]
glVertex3f = _gl.glVertex3f
glVertex3f.restype = None
glVertex3f.argtypes = [GLfloat, GLfloat, GLfloat]
glViewport = _gl.glViewport
glViewport.restype = None
glViewport.argtypes = [GLint, GLint, GLint, GLint]
glXChooseVisual = _gl.glXChooseVisual
glXChooseVisual.argtypes = [c_void_p, c_int, POINTER(c_int)]
glXChooseVisual.restype = c_void_p
glXCreateContext = _gl.glXCreateContext
glXCreateContext.argtypes = [c_void_p, c_void_p, c_void_p, c_bool]
glXCreateContext.restype = c_void_p
glXMakeCurrent = _gl.glXMakeCurrent
glXMakeCurrent.argtypes = [c_void_p, GLXDrawable, c_void_p]
glXMakeCurrent.restype = c_bool
glXSwapBuffers = _gl.glXSwapBuffers
glXSwapBuffers.argtypes = [c_void_p, GLXDrawable]
glXSwapBuffers.resttype = None
X11_None = 0
x_open_display = _xlib.XOpenDisplay
x_open_display.argtypes = [c_char_p]
x_open_display.restype = c_void_p
class TkOglWin(Frame):
def __init__(self, parent, *args, **kwargs):
Frame.__init__(self, parent, *args, **kwargs)
self.parent = parent
self.parent.title(kwargs.get('app_title', 'Opengl Test'))
self.bind('<Configure>', self.on_resize)
self.parent.after(100, self._cfg_tkogl)
def _cfg_tkogl(self):
att = PGLint(
GLX_RGBA, GLX_DOUBLEBUFFER,
GLX_RED_SIZE, 4,
GLX_GREEN_SIZE, 4,
GLX_BLUE_SIZE, 4,
GLX_DEPTH_SIZE, 16,
X11_None
)
self.dpy = x_open_display(None)
vi = glXChooseVisual(self.dpy, 0, att)
glc = glXCreateContext(self.dpy, vi, None, GL_TRUE)
glXMakeCurrent(self.dpy, self.winfo_id(), glc)
self.set_ortho_view()
self.parent.after(10, self._render_loop)
def on_resize(self, event, arg=None):
raise NotImplementedError
def _render_loop(self):
self.render_scene()
glXSwapBuffers(self.dpy, self.winfo_id())
self.parent.after(5, self._render_loop)
def render_scene(self):
raise NotImplementedError
def set_ortho_view(self):
raise NotImplementedError
class AppOgl(TkOglWin):
rot = 0
def on_resize(self, event, arg=None):
if event:
w = event.width
h = event.height
else:
if arg:
w = arg['w']
h = arg['h']
else:
raise Exception
dx = w / h
glViewport(0, 0, w, h)
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
glLoadIdentity()
glOrtho(-2 * dx, 2 * dx, -2, 2, -2, 2)
def set_ortho_view(self):
glEnable(GL_BLEND)
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)
glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA)
glClearColor(0, 0, 0, 0)
glClearDepth(1)
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
self.on_resize(None, arg={
'w': self.winfo_width(),
'h': self.winfo_height()
})
print('%s - %s - %s' % (
glGetString(GL_VENDOR),
glGetString(GL_VERSION),
glGetString(GL_RENDERER)
))
def render_scene(self):
self.rot += .5
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
glLoadIdentity()
glRotatef(self.rot, 1, 1, 0.5)
# Draw a simple cube.
glBegin(GL_QUADS)
glColor3f(0, 1, 0)
glVertex3f(1, 1, -1)
glVertex3f(-1, 1, -1)
glVertex3f(-1, 1, 1)
glVertex3f(1, 1, 1)
glColor3f(1, 0.5, 0)
glVertex3f(1, -1, 1)
glVertex3f(-1, -1, 1)
glVertex3f(-1, -1, -1)
glVertex3f(1, -1, -1)
glColor3f(1, 0, 0)
glVertex3f(1, 1, 1)
glVertex3f(-1, 1, 1)
glVertex3f(-1, -1, 1)
glVertex3f(1, -1, 1)
glColor3f(1, 1, 0)
glVertex3f(1, -1, -1)
glVertex3f(-1, -1, -1)
glVertex3f(-1, 1, -1)
glVertex3f(1, 1, -1)
glColor3f(0, 0, 1)
glVertex3f(-1, 1, 1)
glVertex3f(-1, 1, -1)
glVertex3f(-1, -1, -1)
glVertex3f(-1, -1, 1)
glColor3f(1, 0, 1)
glVertex3f(1, 1, -1)
glVertex3f(1, 1, 1)
glVertex3f(1, -1, 1)
glVertex3f(1, -1, -1)
glEnd()
glFlush()
if __name__ == '__main__':
root = Tk()
app = AppOgl(root, width=320, height=200)
app.pack(fill=BOTH, expand=YES)
app.mainloop()
答案 1 :(得分：0)
选择FBConfig后，您还必须选择与FBConfig匹配的窗口视觉，以确保此FBConfig实际上可用于您尝试附加的窗口。此外，Window必须将其visual / FBConfig设置为该格式，以便您可以在其上创建当前的OpenGL上下文。
我在GitHub上的codesamples存储库中有一个example on how to do this in C。随意使用它作为模板。还有一个示例显示如何将GLX与Xcb一起使用（您可以在Xcb主页上找到的示例已损坏）。