为什么"而(* sea ++ = * river ++);"不能正常工作?

时间:2016-08-04 06:26:29

标签: c++

我的大学教授最近给了我们一个实现我们自己的智能指针类的任务。在他用于复制字符串的样板代码中,我发现这件作品很漂亮:

while (*sea++ = *river++);// C Sting copy 

我进一步研究了这段代码,发现它是 strcpy.c 中的确切代码,并在下面的stackoverflow问题中进一步解释了它的工作原理: How does “while(*s++ = *t++)” copy a string?

当我尝试在我的下面的代码中使用这个语法糖时,它给了垃圾作为结果并删除了存储在" river"中的字符串:

    #include<iostream>
    #include<cstring>

    using namespace std;
        void main()
        {
            const char *river = "water";// a 5 character string +  NULL terminator

            char *sea = new char[6];

            while (*sea++ = *river++);

            cout << "Sea contains: " << sea << endl;
            cout << "River contains: " << river << endl;
        }

结果:
Result of the above code

我知道我可以使用以下代码简单地实现所需的结果:

    int i = 0;
    while (i<6)
    {
        sea[i] = river[i];
        i++;
    }

但这不是我想要的答案。我想知道我的while循环的实现或我的char指针的实例化有什么问题吗?

3 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:7)

您正在显示垃圾,因为当您显示它们时,指针指向垃圾。您在循环时推进指针,但在显示数据时需要使用原始指针。

此外,您有内存泄漏,因为您没有释放char[]缓冲区。

请改为尝试:

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    const char *river = "water";// a 5 character string +  NULL terminator

    char *sea = new char[6];

    const char *p_river = river;
    char *p_sea = sea;
    while (*p_sea++ = *p_river++);

    cout << "Sea contains: " << sea << endl;
    cout << "River contains: " << river << endl;

    delete [] sea;
    return 0;
}

答案 1 :(得分:5)

“错误”在技术上是一种未定义的行为,因为指针超出了对它们引用的内存的限制。

有趣的部分是为什么会发生这种情况。

这是因为指针之间的混淆以及它们指向的内容。

seariver不是字符串。字符串是驻留在内存中某处的匿名变量,两个指针指示它们的开始。

你永远不应该触摸它们,否则你将无法再进一步访问这些字符串。

如果你需要移动指针,请使用其他指针。

更合适的例子应该是这个

 using namespace std;
 int main() //< note `void main` is a C++ dialcet
 {
     // note the use of `const` after the `*`: 
     // you cannot modify these pointers.
     const char * const river = "water";  // a 5 character string +  NULL terminator
     char * const sea = new char[6];

     {
          // in this inner scope, other non-const pointers are
          // initialized to point to the same memory
          const char* r = river;
          char* s = sea;
          while (*s++ = *r++); // the loop moves the mutable pointers
          // note how `river++` or `sea++` is an error, being them `*const`
     }

     // there are no more `r` and `s` here, but `sea` and `river` are still the same.
     cout << "Sea contains: " << sea << endl;
     cout << "River contains: " << river << endl;

     //now we have an array allocated with new to return to the system
     delete[] sea; //< the importance to not move the `sea` pointer
}

请注意delete如何删除数组,而不删除指针

要提前做更多事情,可以做两件事。

第一个使内部范围成为正确的功能:

 using namespace std;

 void copy(const char* r, char* s)
 {
     // in this function, other non-const pointer (parameters) are
     // initialized to point to the same memory upon call
     while (*s++ = *r++); // the loops moves the mutable pointers
     // note how `river++` or `sea++` is an error, being them not visible.
 }

 int main() //< note `void main` is a C++ dialect
 {
     const char * const river = "water";  // a 5 character string +  NULL terminator
     char * const sea = new char[6];

     copy(river, sea);         

     cout << "Sea contains: " << sea << endl;
     cout << "River contains: " << river << endl;

     //now we have an array allocated with new to return to the system
     delete[] sea; //< the importance to not move the `sea` pointer
}

并且第二在相同的上下文中删除了new/delete对,例如使用std::unique_ptr<char[]>

但这太过分了!

答案 2 :(得分:2)

因为ASCII-art总是有助于搞清楚指针问题......

这是在你的while循环之前:

xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
xmlns:chartingToolkit="clr-namespace:System.Windows.Controls.DataVisualization.Charting;assembly=System.Windows.Controls.DataVisualization.Toolkit"

...


    <Window.Resources>
        <Style x:Key="DashedPolyLine" TargetType="{x:Type Polyline}">                        
            <Setter Property="StrokeDashArray" Value="2 3 2" />
        </Style>        
    </Window.Resources>

...

<chartingToolkit:LineSeries  Title="Title" DependentValuePath="Value" IndependentValuePath="Key" ItemsSource="{Binding BindingValue}" PolylineStyle="{StaticResource DashedPolyLine}"/>

但是在你的循环之后,你有这个:

SELECT tblSourceData.Athlete,
(SELECT Max(tblSourceData.Swim) from tblSourceData) AS MaxOfSwim, 
(SELECT Max(tblSourceData.Bike) from tblSourceData) AS MaxOfBike,
(SELECT Max(tblSourceData.Run) from tblSourceData) AS MaxOfRun,
Count(tblSourceData.Athlete) AS EventsCompleted
FROM tblSourceData
WHERE (((tblSourceData.Gender)="f"))
GROUP BY tblSourceData.Athlete
HAVING (((Count(tblSourceData.Athlete))>=5));  

所以你看,副本确实已经完成,但是你也移动了指针。这意味着如果您尝试将它们打印出来,那么在这些内存块之后,您将获得所有垃圾。

如果您要在while循环之前保存指针的副本,并打印出来,那么您将获得您正在寻找的输出。