Question

我是编程和python的全新手。我正在解决一个问题。我找到了解决办法，但似乎太慢了。

    if n % 2 == 0 and n % 3 == 0 and\
       n % 4 == 0 and n % 5 == 0 and\
       n % 6 == 0 and n % 7 == 0 and\
       n % 8 == 0 and n % 9 == 0 and\
       n % 10 == 0 and n % 11 == 0 and\
       n % 12 == 0 and n % 13 == 0 and\
       n % 14 == 0 and n % 15 == 0 and\
       n % 16 == 0 and n % 17 == 0 and\
       n % 18 == 0 and n % 19 == 0 and\
       n % 20 == 0:

这是检查n是否可以被2到20之间的所有数字整除的代码。

如何让它简短有效。

Answer 1

在短期和高效之间进行权衡。

短方式为if all(n % i == 0 for i in range(2, 21)):

Efficient 方式是注意n % 20 == 0之类的内容也意味着n % f == 0其中f是20的任何因子。例如，你可以放弃n % 2 == 0。所以你最终会得到更少的比较，这会更快地运行。在执行此操作时，您会注意到一个模式，您会注意到整个语句缩减为if n % 232792560 == 0！但是现在已经将20深深嵌入其中，因此如果您需要不同的上限，将很难取消。

因此，您会发现高效方式不易于阅读和维护。因此，选择最适合您要求的那个。

Answer 2

这是一种更聪明的方法。如果n可以被范围内的每个整数（1,21）整除，那么它必须是这些整数的least common multiple的倍数。

您可以使用GCD（最大公约数）逐步计算一组数字的最小公倍数。您可以从fractions模块导入gcd函数，或直接在代码中实现它。

def gcd(a, b):
    ''' Greatest Common Divisor '''
    while b:
        a, b = b, a % b
    return a

def lcm(a, b):
    ''' Least Common Multiple '''
    return a * b // gcd(a, b)

# Compute the LCM of range(1, 21)
n = 2
for i in range(3, 21):
    n = lcm(n, i)

lcm20 = n
print('LCM =', lcm20)
#test 
for i in range(1, 21):
    print(i, lcm20 % i)

<强>输出

LCM = 232792560
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 0
9 0
10 0
11 0
12 0
13 0
14 0
15 0
16 0
17 0
18 0
19 0
20 0

现在，要测试任何数字n是否可以被所有数字整除，范围是（1,21）你可以做到

n % lcm20 == 0

或将常量硬编码到脚本中：

# 232792560 is the LCM of 1..20
n % 232792560 == 0

正如安东·舍伍德在his comment中所指出的那样，我们可以通过采用范围上半部分的最小公倍数来加快寻找所需最小公认数的过程。这是有效的，因为范围下半部分中的每个数字都是范围上半部分中数字的除数。

我们可以通过内置GCD和LCM计算来进一步提高速度，而不是调用函数来执行这些操作。由于涉及额外的开销，Python函数调用明显慢于C函数调用。

Yakk提到了寻找所需LCM的另一种方法：计算该范围内的主要权力的乘积。如果范围足够大（大约40左右），这是非常快的，但对于小数字，简单的LCM循环更快。

下面是一些timeit代码，用于比较这些不同方法的速度。这个脚本在Python 2和3上运行，我在Python 2.6和Python 3.6上测试过它。它使用Robert William Hanks的主要列表功能来实现Yakk的建议。我稍微修改了罗伯特的代码，使其与Python 3兼容。我想可能有更有效的方法来找到主要权力;如果是的话，我想看到它。：）

我之前提到过，fractions模块中有一个GCD功能。我用它做了一些时间测试，但它明显慢于我的代码。大概是因为它对参数进行了错误检查。

#!/usr/bin/env python3

''' Least Common Multiple of the numbers in range(1, m)

    Speed tests

    Written by PM 2Ring 2016.08.04
'''


from __future__ import print_function
from timeit import Timer
#from fractions import gcd

def gcd(a, b):
    ''' Greatest Common Divisor '''
    while b:
        a, b = b, a % b
    return a

def lcm(a, b):
    ''' Least Common Multiple '''
    return a * b // gcd(a, b)

def primes(n):
    ''' Returns a list of primes < n '''
    # By Robert William Hanks, from https://stackoverflow.com/a/3035188/4014959
    sieve = [True] * (n//2)
    for i in range(3, int(n ** 0.5) + 1, 2):
        if sieve[i//2]:
            sieve[i*i//2::i] = [False] * ((n - i*i - 1) // (2*i) + 1)
    return [2] + [2*i + 1 for i in range(1, n//2) if sieve[i]]

def lcm_range_PM(m):
    ''' The LCM of range(1, m) '''
    n = 1
    for i in range(2, m):
        n = lcm(n, i)
    return n

def lcm_range_AS(m):
    ''' The LCM of range(1, m) '''
    n = m // 2
    for i in range(n + 1, m):
        n = lcm(n, i)
    return n

def lcm_range_fast(m):
    ''' The LCM of range(1, m) '''
    n = m // 2
    for i in range(n + 1, m):
        a, b = n, i
        while b:
            a, b = b, a % b
        n = n * i // a
    return n

def lcm_range_primes(m):
    n = 1
    for p in primes(m):
        a = p
        while a < m:
            a *= p
        n *= a // p
    return n

funcs = (
    lcm_range_PM,
    lcm_range_AS,
    lcm_range_fast,
    lcm_range_primes
)

def verify(hi):
    ''' Verify that all the functions give the same result '''
    for i in range(2, hi + 1):
        a = [func(i) for func in funcs]
        a0 = a[0]
        assert all(u == a0 for u in a[1:]), (i, a)
    print('ok')

def time_test(loops, reps):
    ''' Print timing stats for all the functions '''
    timings = []
    for func in funcs:
        fname = func.__name__
        setup = 'from __main__ import num, ' + fname
        cmd = fname + '(num)'
        t = Timer(cmd, setup)
        result = t.repeat(reps, loops)
        result.sort()
        timings.append((result, fname))

    timings.sort()
    for result, fname in timings:
        print('{0:16} {1}'.format(fname, result))

verify(500)

reps = 3
loops = 8192
num = 2
for _ in range(10): 
    print('\nnum = {0}, loops = {1}'.format(num, loops))
    time_test(loops, reps)
    num *= 2
    loops //= 2

print('\n' + '- ' * 40)

funcs = (
    lcm_range_fast,
    lcm_range_primes
)

loops = 1000
for num in range(30, 60):
    print('\nnum = {0}, loops = {1}'.format(num, loops))
    time_test(loops, reps)

<强>输出

ok

num = 2, loops = 8192
lcm_range_PM     [0.013914467999711633, 0.01393848999941838, 0.023966414999449626]
lcm_range_fast   [0.01656803699916054, 0.016577592001340236, 0.016578077998929075]
lcm_range_AS     [0.01738608899904648, 0.017602848000024096, 0.01770572900022671]
lcm_range_primes [0.0979132459997345, 0.09863009199943917, 0.10133290699923236]

num = 4, loops = 4096
lcm_range_fast   [0.01580070299860381, 0.01581421999981103, 0.016406731001552544]
lcm_range_AS     [0.020135083001150633, 0.021132826999746612, 0.021589830999801052]
lcm_range_PM     [0.02821666900126729, 0.029041511999821523, 0.036708851001094445]
lcm_range_primes [0.06287289499960025, 0.06381634699937422, 0.06406087200048205]

num = 8, loops = 2048
lcm_range_fast   [0.015360695999333984, 0.02138442599971313, 0.02630166100061615]
lcm_range_AS     [0.02104746699842508, 0.021742354998423252, 0.022648989999652258]
lcm_range_PM     [0.03499621999981173, 0.03546843599906424, 0.042924503999529406]
lcm_range_primes [0.03741390599861916, 0.03865244000007806, 0.03959638999913295]

num = 16, loops = 1024
lcm_range_fast   [0.015973221999956877, 0.01600381199932599, 0.01603960700049356]
lcm_range_AS     [0.023003745000096387, 0.023848425998949097, 0.024875303000953863]
lcm_range_primes [0.028887982000014745, 0.029422679001072538, 0.029940758000520873]
lcm_range_PM     [0.03780223299872887, 0.03925949299991771, 0.04462484900068375]

num = 32, loops = 512
lcm_range_fast   [0.018606906000059098, 0.02557359899947187, 0.03725786200084258]
lcm_range_primes [0.021675119000065024, 0.022790905999499955, 0.03934840099827852]
lcm_range_AS     [0.025330593998660333, 0.02545427500081132, 0.026093265998497372]
lcm_range_PM     [0.044320442000753246, 0.044836185001258855, 0.05193238799984101]

num = 64, loops = 256
lcm_range_primes [0.01650579099987226, 0.02443148000020301, 0.033489004999864846]
lcm_range_fast   [0.018367127000601613, 0.019002625000211992, 0.01955779200034158]
lcm_range_AS     [0.026258470001266687, 0.04113643799973943, 0.0436801750001905]
lcm_range_PM     [0.04854909000096086, 0.054864030998942326, 0.0797669980001956]

num = 128, loops = 128
lcm_range_primes [0.013294352000229992, 0.013383581999732996, 0.024317635999977938]
lcm_range_fast   [0.02098568399924261, 0.02108044199849246, 0.03272008299973095]
lcm_range_AS     [0.028861763999884715, 0.0399744570004259, 0.04660961700028565]
lcm_range_PM     [0.05302166500041494, 0.059346372001527925, 0.07757829000001948]

num = 256, loops = 64
lcm_range_primes [0.010487794999789912, 0.010514846000660327, 0.01055656300013652]
lcm_range_fast   [0.02619308099929185, 0.02637610199963092, 0.03755473099954543]
lcm_range_AS     [0.03422451699952944, 0.03513622399987071, 0.05206341099983547]
lcm_range_PM     [0.06851765200008231, 0.073690847000762, 0.07841700100107118]

num = 512, loops = 32
lcm_range_primes [0.009275872000216623, 0.009292663999076467, 0.009309271999882185]
lcm_range_fast   [0.03759837500001595, 0.03774761099884927, 0.0383951439998782]
lcm_range_AS     [0.04527828100071929, 0.046646228000099654, 0.0569303670017689]
lcm_range_PM     [0.11064135100059502, 0.12738902800083451, 0.13843623499997193]

num = 1024, loops = 16
lcm_range_primes [0.009248070000467123, 0.00931658900117327, 0.010279963000357384]
lcm_range_fast   [0.05642254200029129, 0.05663530499987246, 0.05796714499956579]
lcm_range_AS     [0.06509247900066839, 0.0652738099997805, 0.0658949799999391]
lcm_range_PM     [0.11376448099872505, 0.11652833600055601, 0.12083648199950403]

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 

num = 30, loops = 1000
lcm_range_fast   [0.03275446999941778, 0.033530079999763984, 0.04002811799909978]
lcm_range_primes [0.04062690899991139, 0.040886697999667376, 0.04130547800014028]

num = 31, loops = 1000
lcm_range_fast   [0.03423191600086284, 0.039976395999474335, 0.04078094900069118]
lcm_range_primes [0.04053011599899037, 0.04140578700025799, 0.04566663300101936]

num = 32, loops = 1000
lcm_range_fast   [0.036124262000157614, 0.036700047998238006, 0.04392546200142533]
lcm_range_primes [0.042666604998885305, 0.04393434200028423, 0.05142524700022477]

num = 33, loops = 1000
lcm_range_fast   [0.03875456000059785, 0.03997290300139866, 0.044469664000644116]
lcm_range_primes [0.04280027899949346, 0.0437891679994209, 0.04381238600035431]

num = 34, loops = 1000
lcm_range_fast   [0.038203157999305404, 0.03937257799952931, 0.04531203700025799]
lcm_range_primes [0.043273317998682614, 0.043349457999283914, 0.04420187600044301]

num = 35, loops = 1000
lcm_range_fast   [0.04228670399970724, 0.04346491300020716, 0.047442203998798504]
lcm_range_primes [0.04332462999991549, 0.0433610400014004, 0.04525857199951133]

num = 36, loops = 1000
lcm_range_fast   [0.04175829099949624, 0.04217126499861479, 0.046840714998324984]
lcm_range_primes [0.04339772299863398, 0.04360795700085873, 0.04453475599984813]

num = 37, loops = 1000
lcm_range_fast   [0.04231068799890636, 0.04373836499871686, 0.05010528200000408]
lcm_range_primes [0.04371378700125206, 0.04463105400100176, 0.04481986299833807]

num = 38, loops = 1000
lcm_range_fast   [0.042841554000915494, 0.043649038998410106, 0.04868016199907288]
lcm_range_primes [0.04571479200058093, 0.04654245399979118, 0.04671720700025617]

num = 39, loops = 1000
lcm_range_fast   [0.04469198100014182, 0.04786454099848925, 0.05639159299971652]
lcm_range_primes [0.04572433999965142, 0.04583652600013011, 0.046649005000290344]

num = 40, loops = 1000
lcm_range_fast   [0.044788433999201516, 0.046223339000789565, 0.05302252199908253]
lcm_range_primes [0.045482261000870494, 0.04680115900009696, 0.046941823999077315]

num = 41, loops = 1000
lcm_range_fast   [0.04650144500010356, 0.04783133000091766, 0.05405569400136301]
lcm_range_primes [0.04678159699869866, 0.046870936999766855, 0.04726529199979268]

num = 42, loops = 1000
lcm_range_fast   [0.04772527699969942, 0.04824955299955036, 0.05483534199993301]
lcm_range_primes [0.0478546140002436, 0.048954233001495595, 0.04905354400034412]

num = 43, loops = 1000
lcm_range_primes [0.047872637000182294, 0.048093739000250935, 0.048502418998396024]
lcm_range_fast   [0.04906317900167778, 0.05292572700091114, 0.09274570399975346]

num = 44, loops = 1000
lcm_range_primes [0.049750300000596326, 0.050272532000235515, 0.05087747600009607]
lcm_range_fast   [0.050906279000628274, 0.05109869400075695, 0.05820328499976313]

num = 45, loops = 1000
lcm_range_primes [0.050158660000306554, 0.050309066000409075, 0.054478109999763547]
lcm_range_fast   [0.05236714599959669, 0.0539534259987704, 0.058996140000090236]

num = 46, loops = 1000
lcm_range_primes [0.049894845999006066, 0.0512076260001777, 0.051318084999365965]
lcm_range_fast   [0.05081920200063905, 0.051397655999608105, 0.05722950699964713]

num = 47, loops = 1000
lcm_range_primes [0.04971165599999949, 0.05024208400027419, 0.051092388999677496]
lcm_range_fast   [0.05388393700013694, 0.05502788499870803, 0.05994341699988581]

num = 48, loops = 1000
lcm_range_primes [0.0517014939996443, 0.05279760400117084, 0.052917389999493025]
lcm_range_fast   [0.05402479099939228, 0.055251746000067214, 0.06128628700025729]

num = 49, loops = 1000
lcm_range_primes [0.05412415899991174, 0.05474224499994307, 0.05610057699959725]
lcm_range_fast   [0.05757830900074623, 0.0590323519991216, 0.06310263200066402]

num = 50, loops = 1000
lcm_range_primes [0.054892387001018506, 0.05504404100065585, 0.05610281799999939]
lcm_range_fast   [0.0588886920013465, 0.0594741389995761, 0.06682244199873821]

num = 51, loops = 1000
lcm_range_primes [0.05582956999933231, 0.055921465000210446, 0.06004790299994056]
lcm_range_fast   [0.060586288000195054, 0.061715600999377784, 0.06733965300009004]

num = 52, loops = 1000
lcm_range_primes [0.0557458109997242, 0.05669860099988, 0.056761407999147195]
lcm_range_fast   [0.060323355999571504, 0.06177857100010442, 0.06778404599936039]

num = 53, loops = 1000
lcm_range_primes [0.05501838899908762, 0.05541463699955784, 0.0561610999993718]
lcm_range_fast   [0.06281833000139159, 0.06334177999997337, 0.06843207200108736]

num = 54, loops = 1000
lcm_range_primes [0.057314272000439814, 0.059501444000488846, 0.060004871998899034]
lcm_range_fast   [0.06634221600143064, 0.06662889200015343, 0.07153233899953193]

num = 55, loops = 1000
lcm_range_primes [0.05790564500057371, 0.05824322199987364, 0.05863306900027965]
lcm_range_fast   [0.06693624800027465, 0.06784769100158883, 0.07562533499913116]

num = 56, loops = 1000
lcm_range_primes [0.057219010001063, 0.05858367799919506, 0.06246676000046136]
lcm_range_fast   [0.06854197999928147, 0.06999059400004626, 0.07505119899906276]

num = 57, loops = 1000
lcm_range_primes [0.05746709300001385, 0.0587476679993415, 0.0606189070003893]
lcm_range_fast   [0.07094627400147147, 0.07241532700027165, 0.07868066799892404]

num = 58, loops = 1000
lcm_range_primes [0.0576490580006066, 0.058481812999161775, 0.05857339500107628]
lcm_range_fast   [0.07127979200049595, 0.07549924399972952, 0.07849203499972646]

num = 59, loops = 1000
lcm_range_primes [0.057503377998727956, 0.058632499998566345, 0.060360438999850885]
lcm_range_fast   [0.07332589399993594, 0.07625177999943844, 0.08087236799838138]

这个时序信息是使用运行在Linux的Debian派生物上的Python 3.6，在古老的2GHz Pentium IV机器上生成的。

Answer 3

if all(n % i == 0 for i in range(2, 21)):

all接受一个iterable并返回True，如果其所有元素都评估为True，则False。 n % i == 0 for i in range(2, 21)部分返回包含19个True或False值的可迭代值，具体取决于n是否可以通过相应的i值进行分割。

Answer 4

内置all 会有所帮助。

如果iterable的所有元素都为true（或者iterable为空），则返回True。

if all(n % i == 0 for i in xrange(2, 21))

Answer 5

这只是一个数学技巧，使用类似n % "LCM(1,2,...,20) == 0的内容，可以编码为：

if n % 232792560 == 0:
    #do whatever you want

Answer 6

对于多样性，你可以使用循环的方式是

test = True
for modulus in range(2, 21):
    if n % modulus != 0:
        test = False
        break
if test:
    # Do stuff

如果您对for - else感到满意，可以通过

改善简洁程度

for modulus in range(2, 21):
    if n % modulus != 0:
        break
else:
    # Do stuff

虽然这种模式可能不够常见，但你不想使用它。

另一种选择是编写辅助函数

def is_divisible_by_integers_up_to(n, bound):
    for modulus in range(2, bound + 1):
        if n % modulus != 0:
            return False
    return True

if is_divisible_by_integers_up_to(n, 20):
    # Do stuff

但是，这个特殊的例子很简单，使用其他答案中描述的生成器表达式all是最好的方法。

Answer 7

当所有除法给出零余数时，您需要一个评估为True的条件。到目前为止，提出的两个解决方案似乎并没有这样做。我怀疑你需要的条件是

if not any(n % i for i in range(2, 21)):

Answer 8

上面的许多代码示例都较短，但（可能）效率不高：

n%2 == 0 =>
    n%4 6 8... ==0
n%3 == 0 =>
    n%3 6 9... ==0

我们只能使用素数来检查范围：

if all(n % i == 0 for i in [2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19])

此外，如果n将全部从2分为20，则它将LCM分为2到20.

Answer 9

我自己就是一个非常聪明的蟒蛇用户，而且我并不了解所有人。这些解决方案非常酷（并且可能比我即将发布的解决方案更有效）。但是，如果你想看到另一种方法，这是另一种选择：

def IsDivUpTo20(n):
   for i in range(2, 21):
      if n % i != 0:
         return False
   return True

并称之为

if IsDivUpTo20(50):
   #what to do if it is divisible
else:
   #what to do if it isn't
#for the example of 50, it'll be false and jump to the else part, but you can put any number of variable in there

从功能上来说，它的工作方式几乎相同，所有＆＃39;是的，但如果你不习惯花哨的语法和内置插件，那么这个更直观。

*注意：我使用Python 3，而不是Python 2.7，因为标记了问题。我很确定这个版本适用于该版本，但如果没有，请有人纠正我。

Answer 10

与之前的答案类似：

import operator
x = 232792560
if reduce(operator.__and__, [x % n == 0 for n in xrange(2, 21, 2)]):
    print("ok")

Answer 11

我不知道回答你自己的问题是否合适。

因为我需要检查。如果一个数字可以被1到20之间的数字整除。所以需要很长时间才能检查。但如果我可以缩短清单，那么效率会很高。

例如，如果一个数字可以被a = 'global'整除，那么它也应该可以被18 2 3和6整除。基于此，我制作了清单：

对于if all(n % i == 0 for i in [7,11,13,16,17,18,19,20]): # some code 14和15这样的想法。

12：如果某个数字可以被14和2整除，则必须可以被7整除。

14：在15的情况下，如果一个数字可以被15整除，那么它也应该被20整除，并且如果一个数字可被整除5所以18也可以对3进行整除，如果一个数字可以被3和5整除，那么它必须可以被15整除。

这比检查所有号码更有效，它还确保该号码可以被1到20之间的所有数字整除。

如何使这个python代码块简短有效

11 个答案: