在Rust中使用工厂模式时指定生命周期

时间:2016-07-15 05:51:53

标签: rust

以下代码无法编译:

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我收到以下错误:

trait Phone {
    fn call(&self);
}

struct IPhone<'a> {
    my_str: &'a str
}

impl<'a> Phone for IPhone<'a> {
    fn call(&self) {
        print!("{}", self.my_str);
    }
}

trait Factory<'a, P: Phone> {
    fn new_phone(&self, ms: &'a str) -> P;
}

struct IPhoneFactory;
impl<'a> Factory<'a, IPhone<'a>> for IPhoneFactory {
    fn new_phone(&self, ms: &'a str) -> IPhone<'a> {
        return IPhone {
            my_str: ms
        };
    }
}

fn call_phone<'a, P: Phone, F: Factory<'a, P>>(f: F) {
    for _ in 0..10 {
        let s = String::new();
        let p = f.new_phone(s.as_str());
        p.call();
    }
}

fn main() {
    call_phone(IPhoneFactory);
}

我希望能够拥有一个返回抽象类的工厂,但是当该类接受引用时,我无法弄清楚如何正确指定生命周期。

2 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:4)

你是对的:

  

只要工厂生产,就没有理由生存,只需要工厂生产的对象就可以生存(工厂本身不存储对字符串的引用)。< / p>

call_phone上的界限表示不同的

fn call_phone<'a, P: Phone, F: Factory<'a, P>>(f: F) { ... }

该代码表示​​整个工厂有单一生命周期,将用于每部手机。你想要一些不同的东西,你想说f任何生命周期的好工厂

fn call_phone<..., F: for<'a> Factory<'a, ...>>(f: F) { ... }

另一个问题是Factory特质定义:

trait Factory<'a, P: Phone> {
    fn new_phone(&self, ms: &'a str) -> P;
}

Pms的生命周期没有任何关系。特征定义允许返回的手机比字符串更长,绝对不能禁止IPhone实施!因此,为了解决这个问题,我们将一个生命周期参数添加到Phone特征:

trait Phone<'a> {
    fn call(&self);
}

但还有一个问题。我们无法真正写下这个签名:

fn call_phone<P: ???, F: for<'a> Factory<'a, P<'a>>(f: F) { ... }

因为我们希望P不是一个类型,而是一个类型族(更准确地说,是一个lifetime → type构造函数)。请记住,循环的每次迭代中的电话具有不同的类型(因为生命周期是类型的一部分,并且循环的不同迭代中的生命期是不同的。)

为未来的Rust计划表达此类签名的能力,但是现在,我们必须制定解决方法并使手机关联类型为Factory特征:

trait Phone<'a> {
    fn call(&self);
}

struct IPhone<'a> {
    my_str: &'a str
}

impl<'a> Phone<'a> for IPhone<'a> {
    fn call(&self) {
        println!("{}", self.my_str);
    }
}

trait Factory<'a> {
    type Output: Phone<'a>;
    fn new_phone(&self, ms: &'a str) -> Self::Output;
}

struct IPhoneFactory;
impl<'a> Factory<'a> for IPhoneFactory {
    type Output = IPhone<'a>;
    fn new_phone(&self, ms: &'a str) -> IPhone<'a> {
        IPhone {
            my_str: ms
        }
    }
}

fn call_phone<F: for<'a> Factory<'a>>(f: F) {
    for i in 0..10 {
        let s = i.to_string();
        let p = f.new_phone(&s);
        p.call();
    }
}

fn main() {
    call_phone(IPhoneFactory);
}

关联类型允许工厂只生产一种产品,这可能是您想要的。如果您希望Factory的不同实现具有不同的Output,则可以通过使用幻像类型来实现此目的:

trait Phone<'a> {
    type Phantom;
    fn call(&self);
}

enum IPhonePhantom {}

struct IPhone<'a> {
    my_str: &'a str
}

impl<'a> Phone<'a> for IPhone<'a> {
    type Phantom = IPhonePhantom;
    fn call(&self) {
        println!("{}", self.my_str);
    }
}

trait Factory<'a, Selector> {
    type Output: Phone<'a, Phantom=Selector>;
    fn new_phone(&self, ms: &'a str) -> Self::Output;
}

struct MyFactory;
impl<'a> Factory<'a, IPhonePhantom> for MyFactory {
    type Output = IPhone<'a>;
    fn new_phone(&self, ms: &'a str) -> IPhone<'a> {
        IPhone {
            my_str: ms
        }
    }
}

fn call_phone<Selector, F: for<'a> Factory<'a, Selector>>(f: F) {
    for i in 0..10 {
        let s = i.to_string();
        let p = f.new_phone(&s);
        p.call();
    }
}

fn main() {
    call_phone::<IPhonePhantom, _>(MyFactory);
}

Phantom特征上的Phone关联类型并非绝对必要,只需要将手机类型与其幻像类型联系起来,并确保Factory个实施者不要说谎。

答案 1 :(得分:0)

你的问题在这里:

fn call_phone<'a, P: Phone, F: Factory<'a, P>>(f: F) {
// Factory has a lifetime 'a ----------^
// that is at least as long as the scope of call_phone
    for _ in 0..10 {
        let s = String::new(); // s is born here
        let p = f.new_phone(s.as_str());
        // new reference ---^   
        // new_phone definition requires this to have
        // the same lifetime 'a as the Factory          
        p.call();
    } 
    // s is destroyed here, no references to s can 
    // still exist
} // F is still alive

您可以做的一件事是将&str作为参数传递给call_phone,以确保参考与函数一样长寿:

fn call_phone<'a, P: Phone, F: Factory<'a, P>>(f: F, s: &'a str) {
    for _ in 0..10 {
        let p = f.new_phone(s);
        p.call();
    }
}

fn main() {
    call_phone(IPhoneFactory, &"hello");
}

另一个人不使用推荐,但让struct IPhone拥有String