接收TypeError：object .__ new __（）在__new__未更改时不接受任何参数

Question

以下是Conway在Python 3.0中使用Tkinter在PyCharm社区版中的生命游戏的不完整实现。

该程序包含四个文件：

• Cell.py：包含Cell的类
• Grid.py：包含Game of Life Grid的类
• Windows.py：包含tkinter布局的类
• main.py：执行脚本

Cell.py：

from random import randint
from tkinter import *

class Cell:
    def __init__(self, master, state=None):
        if state is None:
            state = randint(0,2)
        self.state = state
        self.next_state = state
        self.button = Button(master, width=2, height=1, bg = 'black' if self.state == 1 else 'white').pack(side=LEFT)

    def __del__(self):
        self.button.destroy()

    def set_next_state(self, neighbours):
        if self.state == 1:
            self.next_state = 0 if neighbours < 2 or neighbours > 3 else 1
        else:
            self.next_state = 1 if neighbours == 3 else 0

    def update(self):
        self.state = self.next_state
        self.button.config( bg = 'black' if self.state == 1 else 'white')

Grid.py：

from tkinter import *
from Cell import Cell

class Grid:
    def __init__(self, master, rows=15, cols=15, wraparound=True, pattern=None):
        self.master = master
        self.rows = rows
        self.cols = cols
        self.wraparound = wraparound

        if len(self.pattern) == rows*cols:  self.pattern = pattern
        else:  self.pattern = None

        self.create_frames()
        self.create_cells()

    def create_frames(self):
        self.frames = [Frame(self.master).pack(side=TOP) for r in range(self.rows)]

    def destroy_frames(self):
        for r in range(self.rows):
            self.frames[r].destroy()

    def create_cells(self):
        self.cells = {}
        for r in range(self.rows):
            for c in range(self.cols):
                if self.pattern is None:  self.cells[(r,c)] = Cell(self.frames[r])
                else:  self.cells[(r,c)] = Cell(self.frames[r], state=self.pattern[r*self.cols+c])

    def destroy_cells(self):
        for r in range(self.rows):
            for c in range(self.cols):
                del self.cells[(r,c)]

    def count_neighbours(self, r, c):
        offsets = [(i,j) for j in range(-1,2) for i in range(-1,2)]
        offsets.remove((0,0))
        neighbours = 0
        for offset in offsets:
            if self.wraparound:
                neighbours += self.cells[((r+offset[0])%self.rows, (c+offset[1])%self.cols)].state
            else:
                if r+offset[0] >= self.rows or r+offset[0] < 0 or c+offset[1] >= self.cols or c+offset[1] < 0:
                    neighbours += 0
                else:
                    neighbours += self.cells[(r+offset[0], c+offset[1])].state
        return neighbours

    def calculate_next_state(self):
        for r in range(self.rows):
            for c in range(self.cols):
                neighbours = self.count_neighbours(r,c)
                self.cells[(r,c)].set_next_state(neighbours)

    def update_cells(self):
        for r in range(self.rows):
            for c in range(self.cols):
                self.cells[(r,c)].update()

    def step(self):
        self.calculate_next_state()
        self.update_cells()

     def load_pattern(self, rows=10, cols=10, wraparound=True, pattern=None):
        self.destroy_cells()
        self.destroy_frames()

        self.rows = rows
        self.cols = cols
        self.wraparound = wraparound
        self.pattern = pattern

        self.create_frames()
        self.create_cells()

Windows.py：

from Grid import Grid
from tkinter import *

class MainWindow:
    def __init__(self, rows=10, cols=10, wraparound=True, pattern=None):
        self.root = Tk()

        grid_frame = Frame(self.root).pack(side=TOP)
        self.grid = Grid(grid_frame, rows=rows, cols=cols, wraparound=wraparound, pattern=pattern)

        button_frame = Frame(self.root).pack(side=BOTTOM)
        self.time_interval = 1000
        self.start_stop_button = Button(button_frame, text='START', command=self.start_stepper).pack(side=LEFT)
        self.step_button = Button(button_frame, text='STEP', command=self.grid.step)

        self.menubar = Menu(self.root)
        self.menubar.add_command(label='Change Time Interval', command=self.change_time_interval)
        self.root.config(menu=self.menubar)

        self.root.mainloop()

    def change_time_interval(self):
        # Incomplete
        pass

    def start_stepper(self):
        # Incomplete
        pass

    def stop_stepper(self):
        # Incomplete
        pass

main.py：

from Windows import MainWindow
game = MainWindow()

当我运行main.py时，我得到以下输出：

输出：

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:/Users/Tyler/PycharmProjects/GameOfLife/main.py", line 3, in <module>
    game = MainWindow()
  File "C:\Users\Tyler\PycharmProjects\GameOfLife\Windows.py", line 9, in __init__
    self.grid = Grid(grid_frame, rows=rows, cols=cols, wraparound=wraparound, pattern=pattern)
TypeError: object.__new__() takes no parameters

由于我永远不会覆盖默认的__new__方法，因此我的智慧结束了。在检查了这种类型的所有其他堆栈溢出问题之后，大多数解决方案都在纠正某种形式的拼写__init__到__init__。我对python脚本编程比较陌生，所以任何有关调试这个问题的帮助都是非常感激的。我们非常赞赏为什么会产生错误。

Answer 1

Tkinter有一个名为Grid的类，它隐藏了你自己的同名类，因为你在导入自己的类后使用了from tkinter import *。

有几种可能的解决方案：

1. 将导入更改为from Grid import Grid as MyGrid，然后在您想要使用自己的Grid类时调用MyGrid。
2. 在tkinter之后移动from Grid import Grid导入（只要您不需要使用tkinter Grid类）。
3. 将您的tkinter导入更改为import tkinter，并使用tkinter.Frame等访问tkinter类（如Frame）。
4. 将班级名称改为其他名称。