我正在处理大约2500x2500x50(lonxlatxtime)的大型矩阵。矩阵只包含1和0.我需要知道每个时间步长24个周围元素的总和。到目前为止,我是这样做的:
xdim <- 2500
ydim <- 2500
tdim <- 50
a <- array(0:1,dim=c(xdim,ydim,tdim))
res <- array(0:1,dim=c(xdim,ydim,tdim))
for (t in 1:tdim){
for (x in 3:(xdim-2)){
for (y in 3:(ydim-2)){
res[x,y,t] <- sum(a[(x-2):(x+2),(y-2):(y+2),t])
}
}
}
这样可行,但对我的需求来说太慢了。有人请建议如何加快速度?
答案 0 :(得分:6)
我不得不说,只有数组的设置背后有很多隐藏的东西。然而问题的其余部分是微不足道的。因此,有两种方法可以实现:
如果我们想要蛮力&#39;然后我们可以使用@Alex给出的建议来使用OpenMP
和Armadillo
#include <RcppArmadillo.h>
// [[Rcpp::depends(RcppArmadillo)]]
// Add a flag to enable OpenMP at compile time
// [[Rcpp::plugins(openmp)]]
// Protect against compilers without OpenMP
#ifdef _OPENMP
#include <omp.h>
#endif
// [[Rcpp::export]]
arma::cube cube_parallel(arma::cube a, arma::cube res, int cores = 1) {
// Extract the different dimensions
unsigned int tdim = res.n_slices;
unsigned int xdim = res.n_rows;
unsigned int ydim = res.n_cols;
// Same calculation loop
#pragma omp parallel for num_threads(cores)
for (unsigned int t = 0; t < tdim; t++){
// pop the T
arma::mat temp_mat = a.slice(t);
// Subset the rows
for (unsigned int x = 2; x < xdim-2; x++){
arma::mat temp_row_sub = temp_mat.rows(x-2, x+2);
// Iterate over the columns with unit accumulative sum
for (unsigned int y = 2; y < ydim-2; y++){
res(x,y,t) = accu(temp_row_sub.cols(y-2,y+2));
}
}
}
return res;
}
但是,更聪明的方法是了解array(0:1, dims)
的构建方式。
最值得注意的是:
xdim
是偶数,则只有矩阵的行交替。xdim
为奇数且ydim
为奇数,则行交替以及矩阵交替。xdim
为奇数且ydim
为偶数,则只有行备用让我们看看实际观察模式的案例。
案例1:
xdim <- 2
ydim <- 3
tdim <- 2
a <- array(0:1,dim=c(xdim,ydim,tdim))
<强>输出强>:
, , 1
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 0 0 0
[2,] 1 1 1
, , 2
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 0 0 0
[2,] 1 1 1
案例2:
xdim <- 3
ydim <- 3
tdim <- 3
a <- array(0:1,dim=c(xdim,ydim,tdim))
<强>输出:强>
, , 1
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 0 1 0
[2,] 1 0 1
[3,] 0 1 0
, , 2
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1 0 1
[2,] 0 1 0
[3,] 1 0 1
, , 3
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 0 1 0
[2,] 1 0 1
[3,] 0 1 0
案例3:
xdim <- 3
ydim <- 4
tdim <- 2
a <- array(0:1,dim=c(xdim,ydim,tdim))
<强>输出:强>
, , 1
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 0 1 0 1
[2,] 1 0 1 0
[3,] 0 1 0 1
, , 2
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 0 1 0 1
[2,] 1 0 1 0
[3,] 0 1 0 1
好的,基于上面的讨论,我们选择利用这种独特模式制作一些代码。
在这种情况下,交替向量在两个不同的值之间切换。
#include <RcppArmadillo.h>
// [[Rcpp::depends(RcppArmadillo)]]
// ------- Make Alternating Vectors
arma::vec odd_vec(unsigned int xdim){
// make a temporary vector to create alternating 0-1 effect by row.
arma::vec temp_vec(xdim);
// Alternating vector (anyone have a better solution? )
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < xdim; i++) {
temp_vec(i) = (i % 2 ? 0 : 1);
}
return temp_vec;
}
arma::vec even_vec(unsigned int xdim){
// make a temporary vector to create alternating 0-1 effect by row.
arma::vec temp_vec(xdim);
// Alternating vector (anyone have a better solution? )
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < xdim; i++) {
temp_vec(i) = (i % 2 ? 1 : 0); // changed
}
return temp_vec;
}
如上所述,矩阵有三种情况。偶数,第一奇数和第二奇数。
// --- Handle the different cases
// [[Rcpp::export]]
arma::mat make_even_matrix(unsigned int xdim, unsigned int ydim){
arma::mat temp_mat(xdim,ydim);
temp_mat.each_col() = even_vec(xdim);
return temp_mat;
}
// xdim is odd and ydim is even
// [[Rcpp::export]]
arma::mat make_odd_matrix_case1(unsigned int xdim, unsigned int ydim){
arma::mat temp_mat(xdim,ydim);
arma::vec e_vec = even_vec(xdim);
arma::vec o_vec = odd_vec(xdim);
// Alternating column
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ydim; i++) {
temp_mat.col(i) = (i % 2 ? o_vec : e_vec);
}
return temp_mat;
}
// xdim is odd and ydim is odd
// [[Rcpp::export]]
arma::mat make_odd_matrix_case2(unsigned int xdim, unsigned int ydim){
arma::mat temp_mat(xdim,ydim);
arma::vec e_vec = even_vec(xdim);
arma::vec o_vec = odd_vec(xdim);
// Alternating column
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ydim; i++) {
temp_mat.col(i) = (i % 2 ? e_vec : o_vec); // slight change
}
return temp_mat;
}
与之前的解决方案相同,只是没有t
,因为我们不再需要重复计算。
// --- Calculation engine
// [[Rcpp::export]]
arma::mat calc_matrix(arma::mat temp_mat){
unsigned int xdim = temp_mat.n_rows;
unsigned int ydim = temp_mat.n_cols;
arma::mat res = temp_mat;
// Subset the rows
for (unsigned int x = 2; x < xdim-2; x++){
arma::mat temp_row_sub = temp_mat.rows(x-2, x+2);
// Iterate over the columns with unit accumulative sum
for (unsigned int y = 2; y < ydim-2; y++){
res(x,y) = accu(temp_row_sub.cols(y-2,y+2));
}
}
return res;
}
这是将所有内容组合在一起的核心功能。这为我们提供了所需的距离阵列。
// --- Main Engine
// Create the desired cube information
// [[Rcpp::export]]
arma::cube dim_to_cube(unsigned int xdim = 4, unsigned int ydim = 4, unsigned int tdim = 3) {
// Initialize values in A
arma::cube res(xdim,ydim,tdim);
if(xdim % 2 == 0){
res.each_slice() = calc_matrix(make_even_matrix(xdim, ydim));
}else{
if(ydim % 2 == 0){
res.each_slice() = calc_matrix(make_odd_matrix_case1(xdim, ydim));
}else{
arma::mat first_odd_mat = calc_matrix(make_odd_matrix_case1(xdim, ydim));
arma::mat sec_odd_mat = calc_matrix(make_odd_matrix_case2(xdim, ydim));
for(unsigned int t = 0; t < tdim; t++){
res.slice(t) = (t % 2 ? sec_odd_mat : first_odd_mat);
}
}
}
return res;
}
现在,真正的事实是它的表现如何:
Unit: microseconds
expr min lq mean median uq max neval
r_1core 3538.022 3825.8105 4301.84107 3957.3765 4043.0085 16856.865 100
alex_1core 2790.515 2984.7180 3461.11021 3076.9265 3189.7890 15371.406 100
cpp_1core 174.508 180.7190 197.29728 194.1480 204.8875 338.510 100
cpp_2core 111.960 116.0040 126.34508 122.7375 136.2285 162.279 100
cpp_3core 81.619 88.4485 104.54602 94.8735 108.5515 204.979 100
cpp_cache 40.637 44.3440 55.08915 52.1030 60.2290 302.306 100
用于计时的脚本:
cpp_parallel = cube_parallel(a,res, 1)
alex_1core = alex(a,res,xdim,ydim,tdim)
cpp_cache = dim_to_cube(xdim,ydim,tdim)
op_answer = cube_r(a,res,xdim,ydim,tdim)
all.equal(cpp_parallel, op_answer)
all.equal(cpp_cache, op_answer)
all.equal(alex_1core, op_answer)
xdim <- 20
ydim <- 20
tdim <- 5
a <- array(0:1,dim=c(xdim,ydim,tdim))
res <- array(0:1,dim=c(xdim,ydim,tdim))
ga = microbenchmark::microbenchmark(r_1core = cube_r(a,res,xdim,ydim,tdim),
alex_1core = alex(a,res,xdim,ydim,tdim),
cpp_1core = cube_parallel(a,res, 1),
cpp_2core = cube_parallel(a,res, 2),
cpp_3core = cube_parallel(a,res, 3),
cpp_cache = dim_to_cube(xdim,ydim,tdim))
答案 1 :(得分:2)
这是一个对大型阵列来说速度快的解决方案:
res <- apply(a, 3, function(a) t(filter(t(filter(a, rep(1, 5), circular=TRUE)), rep(1, 5), circular=TRUE)))
dim(res) <- c(xdim, ydim, tdim)
我使用rep(1,5)
过滤数组作为沿每个维度的权重(即,在2的邻域内的和值)。然后我修改了dim
属性,因为它最初是作为矩阵出现的。
请注意,这会在数组的边缘处包裹总和(这可能是有意义的,因为您正在查看纬度和经度;如果没有,我可以修改我的答案。)
具体例子:
xdim <- 500
ydim <- 500
tdim <- 15
a <- array(0:1,dim=c(xdim,ydim,tdim))
以及您目前正在使用的内容(边缘有NA)以及此示例在我的笔记本电脑上显示的时间:
f1 <- function(a, xdim, ydim, tdim){
res <- array(NA_integer_,dim=c(xdim,ydim,tdim))
for (t in 1:tdim){
for (x in 3:(xdim-2)){
for (y in 3:(ydim-2)){
res[x,y,t] <- sum(a[(x-2):(x+2),(y-2):(y+2),t])
}
}
}
return(res)
}
system.time(res1 <- f1(a, xdim, ydim, tdim))
# user system elapsed
# 14.813 0.005 14.819
这里与我描述的版本进行了比较:
f2 <- function(a, xdim, ydim, tdim){
res <- apply(a, 3, function(a) t(filter(t(filter(a, rep(1, 5), circular=TRUE)), rep(1, 5), circular=TRUE)))
dim(res) <- c(xdim, ydim, tdim)
return(res)
}
system.time(res2 <- f2(a, xdim, ydim, tdim))
# user system elapsed
# 1.188 0.047 1.236
你可以看到它有显着的速度提升(对于大型阵列)。并检查它是否提供了正确的解决方案(注意我添加了NA,因此两个结果都匹配,因为我以循环方式提供了过滤器):
## Match NAs
res2NA <- ifelse(is.na(res1), NA, res2)
all.equal(res2NA, res1)
# [1] TRUE
我补充说你的完整阵列(2500x2500x50)花了不到一分钟(大约55秒),虽然它确实在这个过程中使用了大量内存,仅供参考。
答案 2 :(得分:1)
您当前的代码在冗余子集和计算方面有很多开销。如果你想要更快的速度,请清理它。
xdim <- ydim <- 20; tdim <- 5
,我看到我的机器加速了23%。xdim <- ydim <- 200; tdim <- 10
,我看到加速率提高了25%。这需要额外内存的少量成本,这可以通过检查下面的代码来实现。
xdim <- ydim <- 20; tdim <- 5
a <- array(0:1,dim=c(xdim,ydim,tdim))
res <- array(0:1,dim=c(xdim,ydim,tdim))
microbenchmark(op= {
for (t in 1:tdim){
for (x in 3:(xdim-2)){
for (y in 3:(ydim-2)){
res[x,y,t] <- sum(a[(x-2):(x+2),(y-2):(y+2),t])
}
}
}
},
alex= {
for (t in 1:tdim){
temp <- a[,,t]
for (x in 3:(xdim-2)){
temp2 <- temp[(x-2):(x+2),]
for (y in 3:(ydim-2)){
res[x,y,t] <- sum(temp2[,(y-2):(y+2)])
}
}
}
}, times = 50)
Unit: milliseconds
expr min lq mean median uq max neval cld
op 4.855827 5.134845 5.474327 5.321681 5.626738 7.463923 50 b
alex 3.720368 3.915756 4.213355 4.012120 4.348729 6.320481 50 a
res[x,y,t] = res[x,y-1,t] - sum(a[...,y-2,...]) + sum(a[...,y+2,...])
会为你节省更多时间。在R中,它没有在我的计时测试中。t
维度以更多地使用多核架构。 这两个都留给读者/ OP。